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4.1.Extensive Form Games Intro.1.0(博弈论讲-Arizona State University)
Extensive-Form Games: Introduction Page 1
jim@ Jim Ratliff /gametheory
Extensive-Form Games: Introductionù
Introduction ______________________________________________________________________1
Game Trees ______________________________________________________________________1
Information sets___________________________________________________________________6
Games of perfect recall _____________________________________________________________9
Arborescences ___________________________________________________________________12
Simultaneity _____________________________________________________________________13
Divide and conquer: subgames ______________________________________________________13
Introduction
When we model a strategic economic situation we want to capture as much of the relevant detail as
tractably possible. A game can have a complex temporal and information structure; and this structure
could well be very significant to understanding the way the game will be played. These structures are
not acknowledged explicitly in the game’s strategic form, so we seek a more inclusive formulation. It
would be desirable to include at least the following: 1) the set of players, 2) who moves when and under
what circumstances, 3) what actions are available to a player when she is called upon to move, 4) what
she knows when she is called upon to move, and 5) what payoff each player receives when the game is
played in a particular way. Components 2 and 4 are additions to the strategic-form description;
component 3 typically involves more specification in the extensive form than in the strategic form.
We can incorporate all of these features within an extensive-form description of the game. The
foundation of the extensive form is a game tree. First I’ll discuss what a tree is and then describe the
additional specifications and interpretations we need to make in order to transform it into a full-fledged
extensive-form description of the game. We’ll discuss additional restri
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