Automatic Loudnes sControlin Soundfor Picture.pdf

Optimum Technologies Automatic Loudness Control in Television Broadcast: Orban’s Implementation of the CBS Loudness Meter and Loudness Controller Optimum Technologies Automatic Loudness Control Has a Long History ? The first automatic loudness control technology was developed by CBS Laboratories in the mid-1960s in response to a Federal Communications Commission study regarding audience complaints about objectionably loud commercials. ? Jones and Torick at CBS Technology Center revisited this work in 1981 to improve loudness meter accuracy. This work was published in the SMPTE Journal. Optimum Technologies Automatic loudness control starts with a loudness meter whose indications match subjective loudness as perceived by listeners. Optimum Technologies Loudness Meter must take into account: ? Loudness Addition: For a given total sound power, the sound becomes louder as the power is spread over a larger number of critical bands (about 1/3- octave). ? Frequency Dependence: The ear’s perception of loudness is strongly dependent on frequency. ? Loudness Integration in Time: A given amount of acoustic power sounds progressively louder until its duration exceeds about 200 milliseconds, at which point no further loudness increase is heard. Optimum Technologies Loudness Meter Technology ? Loudness Addition: The meter first divides the signal into frequency bands and applies each band to a rectifier followed by a fast averaging. ? Frequency Dependence: The averaged outputs of the bands are summed with unequal gains that mimic the frequency-dependence of the ear. ? Loudness Integration in Time: The sum of the smoothed filter outputs is applied to a filter with an integration time of approximately 200 ms. Optimum Technologies Loudness Meter Block Diagram Optimum Technologies Loudness Meter Filterbank Optimum Technologies Filterbank Curves Summation Optimum Technologies Loudness Meter Accuracy Limitations 1 ? Loudness meter accuracy is inherently l