Color Science.pdf

COLOR SCIENCE Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, 2nd Edition GüNTER WYSZECKI National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada W. S. STILES Richmond, Surrey, England 1982 A Wiley-Interscience Publication John Wiley Sons New York ? Chichester ? Brisbane ? Toronto ? Singapore t ^ - n M CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL DATA 1.1 Basic Radiometrie Quantities and Units 1 1.2 Sources of Radiant Energy 1 1.2.1 The Sun and Daylight 4 1.2.2 Thermal Radiators 11 1.2.3 Electric Discharge Lamps 19 1.2.4 Electroluminescent Sources 23 1.2.5 Light-Emitting Diodes 25 1.2.6 Lasers 25 1.2.7 Sources of Ultraviolet Radiant Energy 27 1.2.8 Some Photometrie and Colorimetric Characteristics of Sources of Radiant Energy 27 1.3 Optical Filters 30 1.3.1 Absorption Filters 30 1.3.2 Glass Filters 34 1.3.3 Gelatin Filters 35 1.3.4 Liquid Filters 35 1.3.5 Absorption Filters for Special Applications 35 1.3.6 Miscellaneous Absorption Filters 40 1.3.7 Interference Filters 40 1.3.8 Interference-Filter Wedges 46 1.3.9 Beamsplitters 48 1.3.10 Sheet Polarizers 49 1.3.11 Miscellaneous Optical Filters 51 1.4 Reflecting Materials 51 1.4.1 Front-Surface Mirrors 55 1.4.2 White Reflectance Standards 55 1.4.3 Colored Reflectance Standards 58 1.4.4 Black Surfaces 60 1.4.5 Building Materials 60 1.4.6 Natural Objects 60 ix x CONTENTS 1.5 Monochromators 63 1.5.1 Basic Designs of Monochromators 63 1.5.2 Resolving Power and Transmitted Radiant Flux 66 1.5.3 Slit-Width Correction 69 1.5.4 Polarization 70 1.5.5 Wavelength Calibration 71 1.5.6 Stray Light 72 1.6 Physical Detectors of Radiant Energy 72 1.6.1 Thermal Detectors 73 1.6.2 Photon Detectors 76 CHAPTER 2 THE EYE 2.1 Preamble 83 2.2 The Structure of the Human Eye 83 2.2.1 Cornea 84 2.2.2 Lens 84 2.2.3 Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Body 84 2.2.4 The Fine-Structure of the Retina 85 2.2.5 Main Topographical Features of the Retina .88 2.2.6 The Fovea 90 2.2.7 The Photoreceptors 90 2.3