Linear Algebra (chapter2)03.pdfVIP

§2.8 Subspace of Rn 1. Subspace of Rn 2. Column Space and Null Space of a Matrix 3. Basis for a Subspace §2.8 Subspace of Rn 1. Subspace of Rn Definition A subspace of Rn is any set H in Rn that has three properties. a. The zero vector is in H. b. For each u and v in H, the sum u+v is in H. c. For each u in H and each scalar c, the vector cu is in H. §2.8 Subspace of Rn Example 1 If v1 and v2 are in Rn and H=span{v1,v2}, then H is a subspace of Rn. To verify this statement, note that the zero vector is in H. Now take two arbitrary vectors in H, say, Then which shows that u + v is a linear combination of v1 and v2 and hence is in H. Also, for any scalar c, the vector cu is in H. §2.8 Subspace of Rn Example 2 A line L not through the origin is not a subspace, because it does not contain the origin, as required. Also, L is not closed under addition or scalar multiplication. §2.8 Subspace of Rn Example 3 For v1,…,vp in Rn, the set of all linear combinations of v1,…,vp is a subspace of Rn. The verification of this statement is similar to the argument given in Example 1. We shall now refer to Span {v1,…,vp} as the subspace spanned by v1,…,vp . special subspace: Rn , zero subspace. §2.8 Subspace of Rn 2. Column Space and Null Space of a Matrix Definition (1) The column space (列空间)of a matrix A is the set Col A of all linear combinations of the column of A. (2) The null space (零空间) of a matrix A is the set Nul A of all solutions to the homogeneous equation Ax = 0. §2.8 Subspace of Rn Example 4 Let Determine whether b is in the column space of A. Sol. The vector b is a linear combination of the column of the columns of A if and only if b can be written as Ax for some x, that is, if and only if the equation Ax=b has a solution. We conclude that Ax = b is consistent and b is in Col A. §2.8 Subspace of Rn Theorem 12 The null space of an m×n matrix A is a subspace of Rn. Equivalently, the set of all solution to a system Ax=0 of m homogeneo