天文学中的偏振.pptVIP

Polarization in Astronomy 天文学中的偏振 Cheng Zhao 2014/05/09 Contents Introduction Measurement Mechanisms Applications References Introduction Theory Introduction Classification Introduction QM Description Eigenvalue of spin Symbol Helicity Polarization state m = -1 -? Left-handed circular polarization m = +1 +? Right-handed circular polarization Introduction Formalism Measurement Polarizer – Sheet or Plate Polarizers Sheet polarizer Aligned anisotropic crystals or polymers. Extinction ratio (transmitted intensity for the polarizing direction over that for the perpendicular direction) is typically about 100. Wire-grid polarizer Conducting wires with spacing smaller than the wavelength (From sub-millimeter to optical regime). Fairly large extinction ratios, and applicable over large wavelength ranges. Brewster window A simple piece of glass. The only polarizer in far UV regime. Extinction ratio mostly depends on the incidence angle. Measurement Polarizer – Polarizing Beam-Splitters Keep all the incident light as output. The polarizer acts as a beam-splitter. Cube beam-splitter with multilayer coating Fairly large extinction ratios are obtained when there are internal reflections at the Brewster angle. Birefringent crystals The refractive index in the crystal is an anisotropic tensor. Incident light that is not in the direction of the crystal axes will be split into two beams with different linear polarization states and speeds. Measurement 起偏器 Measurement Retarder Retard the phase of electric field. Manipulate polarization by rotating the angle of linear polarization and thus converting circular into linear polarization. Quarter-wave and half-wave retarders Measurement Retarder Measurement Novel Components Mostly owing to developments in the field of nanophotonics and by the liquid crystal display and telecommunications industries. Circular polarizer Based on chiral nanostructures. [Gansel et al. 2