计算机网络-天津大学计算机学院.ppt

ComputerNetworks;计算机网络?;计算机网络是自主计算机的互连集合。 这些计算机各自是独立的，地位是平等的，他们通过有线或无线的传输介质连接起来，在计算机之间使用统一的通信协议。 不同的计算机网络可以采用网络设备实现互连，构成更大范围的互联网络。 在计算机网络上达到信息的高速传送以及硬件、软件和信息资源的共享。;;;;;OSI MODEL(开放系统互联模型） ;;Flow of data in the OSI model;;; METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN) ; WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN);;计算机与外界局域网的连接是通过主机箱内插入一块网络接口板（或者是在笔记本电脑中插入一块PCMCIA卡）。网络接口板又称为通信适配器或网络适配器（adapter）或网络接口卡NIC（Network Interface Card） ;CONNECTING DEVICES ; REPEATERS （中继器） A repeater is an electronic device that regenerates data. It extends the physical length of a network. As a signal is transmitted, it may lose strength, and a weak signal may be interpreted erroneously by a receiver. A repeater can regenerate the signal and send it to the rest of the network. ; BRIDGES （网桥） A bridge is a traffic controller. It can divide a long bus into smaller segments so that each segment is independent trafficwise. The bridge uses a table to decide if the frame needs to be forwarded to another segment. With a bridge, two or more pairs of stations can communicate at the same time.; ROUTERS （路由器） Routers are devices that connect LANs, MANs, and WANs. A router operates at the third layer of the OSI model. Whereas a bridge filters a frame based on the physical (data-link layer) address of the frame, a router routes a packet based on the logical address (network layer) of the packet. ;THE INTERNET AND TCP/IP ;NETWORK LAYER At the network layer, TCP/IP supports the Internet Protocol (IP). IP is an unreliable protocol and a best-effort delivery service. The term best-effort means that IP provides no error checking or tracking. The data unit at the IP layer is called an IP datagram, an independent packet that travels from the source to the destination. ; Addressing TCP/IP requires that every computer connected to the Internet be identified by a unique international address. This address is sometimes referred to as the Internet address, or IP address. Each Internet address consis