Unit4词义和词的理据.pptVIP

Chapter IV. word meaning ;;; The referential theory regards the action of putting words into relationship with the world is meaning. The basic premise is that we can give the meaning of words and sentences by showing how they relate to situations. ;The referential theory;Problems of reference as a theory of Meaning: 1. On the reference theory of meaning, the lexeme has as many different meanings as it has different referents. 2. It is easy to understand for nouns referring to discrete, concrete things. (What about “generosity”, “sweet”, “of”?) 3. A single referent may often be referred to by a variety of different expressions. the teacher, my neighbor, Alice’s husband (the same person) the morning star vs. the evening star ;the morning star vs. the evening star;;What’s your picture of DOG?;3. Behaviorist Theory 行为反应说 主要观点: 意义是某话语产生的刺激, 或对某话语的反应, 或者 是刺激和反应的结合。 思想源头或代表人物: 美国语言学家布龙菲尔德 《语言论》(Bloomfield 1933);; S r ………s R S: actual stimulus / speaker’s situation r: linguistic response s: linguistic stimulus R: actual response / hearer’s response; S r ………s R Jack and Jill are walking on a trail. Jill is hungry and sees apples on a tree. (S) She says to Jack, “I like to eat an apple.” (r) Hearing the words, (s) Jack climbs on the tree and gets down an apple for her. (R); Bloomfield 认为: 意义是说话人发出语言形式时所处的情景和这个形式在听话人那儿引起的反应。 (Bloomfield 1933; 张志毅 2001:144);Another way out of the circle is to identify meanings with concepts. The representational approach argues that our ability to talk about the world depends on our mental models of it. The emphasis is on the way that our reports about re