Lesson15soilmechanical[土木工程专业英语].pptVIP

Lesson 15 ; Soil mechanics is concerned with the use of the laws of mechanics and hydraulics in engineering problems related to soil. Soil is a natural aggregate of mineral grains, with or without organic constituents, formed by the chemical and mechanical weathering of rock. It consists of three phases: solid mineral matter, water, and air or other gas. Soils are extremely variable composition, and it was this heterogeneity that long discouraged scientific studies of these deposits.;(生物体,有机体) ;Gradually, the investigation of failures of retaining walls, foundations, embankments, pavement, and other structures resulted in a body of knowledge concerning the nature of soils and their behavior sufficient to give rise to soil mechanics as branch of engineering science.; History. Little progress was made in dealing with soil problems on a scientific basis until the latter half of the 18th century, when the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb published his theory of pressure (1773). In 1857 the Scottish engineer William Rankine developed theory of equilibrium of earth masses and applied it to some elementary problems of foundation engineering. These two classical theories still form the basis of current methods of estimating earth pressure, even though they were based on the misconception that all soils lack cohesion, as does dry sand. Twentieth-century advances have been in the direction of taking cohesion into account; understanding the basic physical properties of soils in general and of a the plasticity of clay in particular; and systematically studying the shearing characteristics of soil——that is, their performance under conditions of sliding. ;cohesion[ k?u‘hi:??n ]? 内聚力,粘聚力 ; plasticity[ pl?s‘tisiti ]塑性;; Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736～1806) was a French physicist. He is best known as the discoverer of Coulombs law, which defines the force of electrostatic attraction and repulsion. The SI unit of