时频分析在超声导波检测信号分析中的应用.doc

时频分析在超声导波检测信号分析中的应用 周正干1 冯占英1,2朱譞1 1.北京航空航天大学机械工程及自动化学院，北京 100083；2.天津军事交通学院，天津，300161 摘 要：超声导波信号具有频散现象，属于非平稳动态信号。传统的时域和频域分析方法不能分析信号频谱随时间的变化情况。为了解决这一问题，确定使用STFT（Short Time Fourier Transform）对导波信号在时频域联合分析。首先从理论上研究了导波信号非平稳特征，介绍了STFT时频分析原理，然后分别对铝板试样和蜂窝板试样内的导波信号进行了STFT变换和时频谱分析。分析结果表明，当传播距离比较远时，利用STFT变换可有效克服时域分析的不足，可以对导波信号进行动态的频谱分析和模式识别，同时可对实际的群速度进行较精确的测量。 关 键 词：导波；频散；STFT；时频分析 中图分类号：TG115.285 文献标识码：A 文章编号： Application of Time-frequency Analysis on the Ultrasonic Guided Waves Inspection Signal Zhou Zhenggan1, Feng Zhanying1,2, ZhuXuan1 1 School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100083 2 Tianjin Military Transportation Institute, Tianjin, 300161 Abstract: Ultrasonic guided waves are characterized by disperse, which are non-stationary signals. The frequency spectrum variation can not be traced with traditional methods respectively in time domain and frequency domain. STFT (Short Time Frequency Transform) were presented to solve this problem. The non-stationary characteristics of guided waves was first studied, the STFT theory was subsequently stated, then STFT and time-frequency analysis were discussed about the guided waves signal propagating in Aluminum plates and honeycomb structure plates. The result testifies that the STFT can overcome the shortcoming of analysis in time domain. Not only the frequency spectrum analysis and mode identification can be dynamically done, but also the group velocity can be measured more accurately. Key Words: Guided waves; Disperse; STFT; Time-frequency Analysis 1引言 超声导波检测作为一种高效的无损检测手段，在大型板壳的缺陷检测中有很好的应用前景。但是，导波信号是一种非平稳信号，且存在频散现象。这样，由于普通探伤仪的激发信号是脉冲信号，频谱比较宽，所以从普通探伤仪激发出的导波通常至少包含有两种模式，当传播距离不远时，这些模式在时域内通常会混叠在一起，难于分辨。另外，当遇到边界和缺陷时，导波信号会发生模态转换，信号频率成分发生变化。所以，导波信号的频谱是时间的函数，对导波信号进行时频分析非常必要。 对导波信号进行时频分析的方法有二维FFT[1]、Wigner-ville变换[2]、Hibert-Huang变换[3]、小波变换[4]和短时傅立叶变换（STFT）[5]等。二维FFT能确定各个传播模式的幅度，但它不能在时频域内同时分析，会出现假频现象。Wigner-ville变换可以避免假频现象的发生，能够分辨出缺陷散射波