计算机英语教学课件学习.pptVIP

Computer English ;Ⅰ. Introduction Programming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. 计算机科学中的程序设计语言就是用于编写计算机可以运行的指令序列 (即计算机程序) 的人工语言。类似于诸如英语这样的自然语言，程序设计语言也有词汇、语法和语义。;However，natural languages are not suited for programming in computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rulers for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise.;Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility . Some programming languages are written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system. For instance， programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—FORTRAN for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications. ;Although these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable, meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers. Other languages, such as machine language, are designed to be used by one specific model of computer system, or even by one specific computer in certain research applications. The most commonly used programming language are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of computing problems. Languages like C, Pascal, and BASIC fall into this category.;Ⅱ. Language Types (语言类型） Programming languages can be classified as either low-level languages or high-level languages. Low-level programming languages, or machine languages, are the most basic type of programming languages and can be understood d