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个性与社会中的语言英文原文
The Belgian sociologist Waxweiler once said it was not the task of sociology to explain what ‘society’ is. May I venture in the same direction and say it is not the task of linguistics to say what ‘language* is. Personality is perhaps more manageable, though I do not propose to say in existential terms what that is either. Some understanding of the relations suggested by the title, however, is attainable in the light of sociology, psychology, biology, and descriptive linguistics.
Descriptive linguistics is deserving its place more and more as an autonomous group of related disciplined—such as phonetics,phonology,grammar,lexicography,semantics, and what may be called the sociology of language, Like the countryman telling you the way, I shall first mention the direction I am not taking, by giving an out-
V
line sketch of how language and languages have been studied from quite a different point of view, especially in Western Europe during the nineteenth century. That is mainly in the form of what we call comparative linguistics and comparative grammar. We begin with a kind of linguistic science which is not very helpful for our present subject.
In the nineteenth century the only kind of linguistics .considered seriously was this comparative and historical study of words in languages known or believed to be cognate — say the Semitic languages, or the Indo-European languages. It is significant that the
Germans, who really made the subject what it was, used the term Indo-Germanics. Those who know the popular works of Otto Jespersen will remember how firmly he declares that linguistic science is historical. And those who have noticed the fly-leaves of the vol
umes of the New English Dictionary — generally referred to as the Oxford Dictionary1 — will remember the guarantee, ‘on historical principles’, which explains the N. In N. E. D.
Everyone knows the name of Sir William Jones and has heard of the famous paragraph in his 1786 lecture in Calcutta on the obvious rela
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