凝固技术及控制.ppt

Chapter 1 The melt;Objectives: To know the difference between the solid and liquid. To know the meaning of “energy fluctuation” and “structure fluctuation” in liquid metals. To know the reaction between the melt and the environment. To understand the viscosity, surface tension and wettability.;1.1 Difference between liquid and solid;Solid metals;右图：晶体中两个原子间的相互作用力F和相互作用势能W与它们之间距离R的关系。;右图：升温时晶体中原子间距的变化;图：空穴产生的示意图;Liquid metals;*;*;Inclusions in liquid metals ;Table 1 Types of inclusions in Al alloys;Table 2 Forms of oxide in liquid aluminium alloys;Questions: ;Example 1：金属熔化是原子间结合力全部被破坏吗？通过那些现象和实验可以说明。 ;1.2 Reactions of the melt with its environment;Example 2: The products of combustion of hydrocarbons contain water, i.e. Combustion of methane. 以碳氢化合物的燃烧产物中有水时为例（如甲烷的燃烧），说明金属???与环境气氛的交互作用：;Figure 1.2: Hydrogen content of liquid aluminium-bronze held in a gas-fired furnace, showing how the melt equilibrates with its surroundings 气体燃烧炉中铝青铜熔体中的氢含量。熔体中的氢含量与周围环境中的气体含量相平衡。 ;1.2.1 Aluminium alloys;(2) The presence of hydrogen in aluminium 铝中氢的存在状态 ;Figure 1.1Hydrogen solubility in aluminium and two of its alloys. 氢在铝及其合金中的固溶度。; It is vital to understand fully the concept of an equilibrium partial gas pressure associated with the gas in solution in a liquid.平衡分气压与熔体中的气体含量有关，掌握平衡分气压的概念很重要。;Figure 1.3 The case for hydrogen solubility in liquid aluminium 铝液中氢的固溶度;1.2.2 Iron alloys;(1) Oxygen is soluble in liquid iron, and react with carbon. Carbon monoxide is the product. 氧可溶入铁液，并与碳反应形成一氧化碳-脱碳。;1.3 Transport of gases in melts;Figure 1.6 Difussion coefficients for elements in aluminium 铝中不同元素的扩散系数;Figure 1.7 Difussion coefficients for elements in copper 铜中不同元素的扩散系数;Figure 1.8 Difussion coefficients for elements in iron 铁中不同元素的扩散系数;The important features of diffusion in the various forms of iron 铁中元素扩散的特点;1.4 Surface film formation;More usually, the film can neither be liquefied nor eliminated. 通常，表面膜难以液化和消除. The surface oxide may entrained in the bulk liq