管理学robbins11-7选编.pptx

Management 11th editionStephen P. Robbins;Part III Plan;Describe the eight steps in the decision-making process Explain the four ways managers make decisions Classify decisions and decision-making conditions Describe different decision-making styles and discuss how biases affect decision making Identify effective decision-making techniques;7.1 The decision-making process;The Decision Making Process;Exhibit 7-1: Decision-Making Process;Step 1: Identifying a Problem 确定问题;Step 2: Identifying Decision Criteria 确定决策标准 ;Exhibit 7-2: Important Decision Criteria;Step 3: Allocating Weights to the Criteria 为标准赋权重;Step 4: Developing Alternatives 形成备选方案;Exhibit 7-3: Possible Alternatives ;Step 5: Analyzing Alternatives 分析备选方案;Exhibit 7-4: Evaluation of Alternatives;Step 6: Selecting an Alternative 选择方案;Step 7: Implementing the Alternative 实施方案;Step 8: Evaluating Decision Effectiveness 评估决策效果;Exhibit 7-5: Decisions Managers May Make ;Rational Decision Making理性决策 - describes choices that are logical （符合逻辑） and consistent （一贯） while maximizing value （利益最大化）. assumptions of rationality 理性假设 problem faced would be clear （清晰） and unambiguous （明确）; maker would be fully objective （客观） and logical have a clear and specific goal know all possible alternatives and consequences. select the alternative maximizes the likelihood of achieving that goal. decisions are made in the best interests of the organization.;Bounded Rationality 有限理性- decision making that’s rational, but limited (bounded) by an individual’s ability to process information. Most decisions that managers make don’t fit the assumptions of perfect rationality, so they satisfice 满意解- accepting solutions that are “good enough.” Escalation of commitment 承诺升级 – an increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong.;Intuitive decision making 直觉决策- Making decisions on the basis of experience 经验, feelings感觉, and accumulated judgment积累. One survey found that almost half of the executives