第3讲明确概念的逻辑方法.pptVIP

第三讲 简单的逻辑方法Logical Methods;逻辑史话;复习提问;一、概念的限制和概括(Restriction and Generalization) 二、概念的定义(Definition) 三、概念的划分(Division);1、限制和概括的定义。（例） 2、依据：内涵和外延的反变关系。 3、方向：限制是由属概念过渡到种概念； 概括是由种概念过渡到属概念。 4、极限：限制的极限是单独概念；概括的极限是范畴。 5、作用:认识事物的特殊性；认识事物一般性质。 6、逻辑错误：限制不当或多余限制；概括不当。例：楚王丢弓 三大纪律＊＊＊＊;二、概念的定义(Definition);例：限制、概括;例：限制、概括不当;例：定义;1、定义的定义;2、定义的构成;3、属加种差定义法; A definition by genus and difference assigns a meaning to a term by identifying genus term and one or more difference words that, when combined, convey the meaning of the term being defined. In logic, genus simply means a relatively larger class, and species means a relatively smaller subclass of the genus. Genus and species are merely relative classification. Specific difference or difference, for short, is the attribute or attributes that distinguish the various species within a genus. The first step is to identify a genus, next we must identify a specific difference. ;4、定义的相对性;5、属加种差定义方法的局限性;6、本质定义和语词定义;7、其他定义方法;1）间谍罪是指参加国外的间谍组织或者为间谍组织窃取、刺探、提供我国情报或者接受间谍组织派遣任务的行为。凡具有上述三种行为之一的，就可以构成间谍罪。 2）《红楼梦》的作者是曹雪芹。香港回归后的第一任行政长官是董建华。 3）国籍：A、甲国建国时期的国民具有甲国的国籍；B、如果x的父母具有甲国国籍，则x具有甲国国籍。 4）自然数的皮亚诺公理：（1）0是自然数；（2）每个自然数都有后继数；（3）不同自然数的后继数也不相同；（4）0不是任何自然数的后继数；（5）数学归纳法：如果0有性质P；并且对任何自然数n，只要n有性质P，n的后继数就有性质P；则所有自然数都有性质P。　　　＊＊＊＊＊＊; Among the extensional definitions, demonstrative ~ “point” to the things in question, enumerative ~ name various individuals in the class, and definitions by subclass identify subclasses of those things. Among the intensional definitions, synonymous ~ equate the word being defined with another word that connotes the same attributes, etymological ~ disclose the word’s ancestry, operational ~ specify experimental procedures for determining whether the word applies to a certain thing, and definitions by genus and difference identify a larger class of things and then narrow it down so that it matches the class that the word refers to. ;*1）菱形是对角线互相平分的四边形。（菱形是对角线互相垂直平分的四边形。）菱形是对角线互相垂直平分且相等的四边形。 *2）宗教信仰自由就