Lesson19irrigationmethods灌溉方法.docVIP

Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法 Irrigation methods can be divided into four main types- surface, subsurface, sprinkler, and trickle irrigation and many subtypes. Surface irrigation is the oldest type and still accounts for about three fourths of all irrigation. Subsurface irrigation is limited in its adaptation. Sprinkler irrigation can be used in any climate, is the most popular method in humid regions, and is still expanding in use. Trickle irrigation, the newest type, makes the most efficient use of water. 灌溉方法可以分为四大类──地面灌溉、地下灌溉、喷灌和滴灌，和许多小类。地面灌溉是最古老的灌溉方法，现在还有大约3/4的灌溉土地仍然使用这种灌溉方法。地下灌溉的适用性是有限的。喷灌可以用于任何气候条件，在湿润地区最受欢迎，而且仍在推广使用。滴灌是最新的灌溉方法，使水得到最有效的利用。 1 surface irrigation 地面灌溉 Surface irrigation includes both furrow and flood types. Furrow irrigation is used with row crops by running water in the cultivated channel between the rows. The rows can be fed with siphon tubes or with spiles or in groups from ditch turnouts. 地面灌溉包括沟灌和淹灌。沟灌用于行播作物，水在作物行间的小沟里流动，进行灌溉。用虹吸管或穿堤放水管向小沟供水，或用田间配水渠向一组灌水沟供水。 1.1 furrow irrigaiton沟灌 Furrow irrigation creates a serious erosion hazard because the water flows in the unprotected area between the rows where the soil has been loosened by cultivation. The maximum non-erosive stream flow in liters per second can be estimated from the equation: 沟灌会产生严重的冲刷，因为水在行间耕松了的、未加防护的土壤上流动。以升/秒为单位的最大不冲流量可用下式估算： This equation should be used only for slopes of more than 0.3% because the flow on flatter slopes is usually limited by the furrow capacity rather than by erosion. The 0.6 factor should be decreased if the soil is known to be more erodible than average. 这个公式只能用于沟坡大于0.3%时，因为在坡度较缓的沟道里，流量通常受到沟道输水能力的限制，而不是受冲刷的限制。如果已经知道沟道土壤比一般土壤更容易遭受冲刷，那么，式中0.6这个系数应该减小。 Irrigation furrows with slope gradients steeper than 2% are difficult to irrigate without erosion. Large streams would erode the soil and small streams will only flow a short distance before all the water infiltrates. Contour furrows overcome this problem because they are placed on a gradient of about 0.5