Research paper United theory of biological evolution： Disaster-forced evolution through Supernova, radioactive ash fall-outs, genome instability, and mass extinctions.pdfVIP

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Research paper United theory of biological evolution： Disaster-forced evolution through Supernova, radioactive ash fall-outs, genome instability, and mass extinctions.pdf

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Geoscience Frontiers 6(2015)103-119 Contents lists available at ScienceDi rect China University of Geosciences(Beijing) Geoscience Frontiers jou rnaI homeP3ge：www．eI sevie r．com／Iocate／gsf 圈一 A R T I C L E I N F 0 Article history： Received 15 October 2013 Received in revised form 15 April 2014 Accepted 21 April 2014 Available online 22 May 2014 Keywords： Speciation Supernova encounter Continental alkaline volcanism Cichlid Great Afican ape Cambrian explosion A B S T R A C T W e present the disaster-forced biological evolution model as a general仃amework that lncludes Darwinian“phylogenic gradualism”．Eldredge—Could’s“punctuated equilibrium”．mass extinctions，and allopatric．parapatric．and sympatric speciation．It describes how reproductive 1solation of orgamsms is established through global disasters due to supernova encounters and local disasters due to radioactive volcanic ash fall—outs by continental alkaline volcanism．Our new evolution model uniquely highlights three major factors of disaster-forced speciation：enhanced mutation rate by higher natural radiation leve1．smaler population size，and shrunken habitat size(i．e．isolation among the lndividual pop— ulations)．We developed a mathematical model describing speciation of a half-isolated group from a parental group．taking into account the population size( )，immigration rate(m J1 and mutation rate( The model gives a quantitative estimate of the speciation，which is consistent with the observations of speciation speed．For example．the speciation takes at least 10 generations．it mutation rate is less than 10 per generation per individua1．This result is consistent with the previous studies，in which is assumed to be 10 3-10一． On the other hand．the speciation is much faster(1ess than 10 generations) fbF the case that“is as large as 0．1 in parapatric conditions(m ‘ )．Even a sympatric(m ～1)speciation can Occur within 10 generations．if mutation rate is very high( ～ 1 mutation per lndividual per generation)．and if Ne 20-