Module1IntroductiontothepolioendgamerationaleandIPV.pptVIP

Module 1 Introduction to the polio endgame rationale and IPV vaccine ;Learning objectives;Key issues;Polio (also called Poliomyelitis) is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus The virus invades the nervous system and can cause permanent paralysis Polio is spread through person-to-person contact and can spread rapidly through a community Most infected people (90%) have no symptoms or very mild symptoms However, one in 200 infections leads to permanent paralysis (can’t move parts of the body) and even death;Poliovirus infection is highly contagious Poliovirus is spread mostly by the fecal-oral route Primary mode of transmission – passage of the virus in stool to the mouth of another child Can also be spread through saliva or droplets from a sneeze or cough;How many polio cases are there?;3 Types of polioviruses Wild poliovirus (WPV) – 3 serotypes Type 1 – 416 cases in 2013 (this is the only type of WPV in circulation today) Type 2 – eliminated in 1999 Type 3 – last case reported in 2012 (more time is needed to certify eradication);3 Types of Oral Polio vaccine Trivalent OPV (tOPV): types 1, 2 and 3 most commonly used OPV in routine immunization globally Bivalent OPV (bOPV): types 1 and 3 commonly used in supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) Monovalent OPV (mOPV): type 1, 2 or 3 primarily used for SIAs in areas where only type 1 or type 3 is circulating;Paralysis associated with OPV;WPV and vaccine-related polio cases 2009-2014*;In May 2012 the World Health Assembly of WHO declared poliovirus eradication to be a global public health emergency Under this plan to achieve a polio-free world, they recommend that the use of OPV must eventually be stopped worldwide Type 2 OPV has the two risks: VAPP and cVDPV – and is no longer needed for eradication – hence the type 2 containing OPV will be eventually withdrawn from use OPV will be withdrawn in 2 phases beginning with type 2 OPV ;WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) recommends that all countri