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Associations between Physical and Cognitive Doping – A Cross-Sectional Study in 2.997 Triathletes.doc

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Associations between Physical and Cognitive Doping – A Cross-Sectional Study in 2.997 Triathletes

AssociationsbetweenPhysicalandCognitiveDoping–A Cross-SectionalStudyin2.997Triathletes PavelDietz1,RolfUlrich4,RobertDalaker1,HeikoStriegel2,AndreasG.Franke3,KlausLieb3, PeriklesSimon1* 1DepartmentofSportsMedicine,RehabilitationandDiseasePrevention,JohannesGutenbergUniversity,Mainz,Germany,2DepartmentofSportsMedicine,Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany, 3Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany, 4Department of Psychology,EberhardKarlsUniversityTuebingen,Tuebingen,Germany Abstract Purpose: This study assessed, for the first time, prevalence estimates for physical and cognitive doping within a single collectiveofathletesusingtherandomizedresponsetechnique(RRT).Furthermore,associationsbetweentheuseoflegal and freely available substances to improve physical and cognitive performance (enhancement) and illicit or banned substancestoimprovephysicalandcognitiveperformance(doping)wereexamined. Methods:AnanonymousquestionnaireusingtheunrelatedquestionRRTwasusedtosurvey2,997recreationaltriathletes inthreesportsevents(Frankfurt,Regensburg,andWiesbaden)inGermany.Priortothesurvey,statisticalpoweranalyses wereperformedtodeterminesamplesize.Logisticregressionwasusedtopredictphysicalandcognitiveenhancementand the bootstrap method was used to evaluate differences between the estimated prevalences of physical and cognitive doping. Results:2,987questionnaireswerereturned(99.7%).12-monthprevalencesforphysicalandcognitivedopingwere13.0% and 15.1%, respectively. The prevalence estimate for physical doping was significantly higher in athletes who also used physicalenhancers,aswellasinathleteswhotookpartintheEuropeanChampionshipinFrankfurtcomparedtothosewho did not. The prevalence estimate for cognitive doping was significantly higher in athletes who also used physical and cognitiveenhancers.Moreover,theuseofphysicalandcognitiveenhancersweresignificantlyassociatedandalsotheuseof physicalandcognitivedoping. Discussion:Theuseo