Bamboo-Dominated Forests of the Southwest Amazon Detection, Spatial Extent, Life Cycle Length and Flowering Waves.docVIP

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Bamboo-Dominated Forests of the Southwest Amazon Detection, Spatial Extent, Life Cycle Length and Flowering Waves.doc

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Bamboo-Dominated Forests of the Southwest Amazon Detection, Spatial Extent, Life Cycle Length and Flowering Waves

Bamboo-DominatedForestsoftheSouthwestAmazon: Detection,SpatialExtent,LifeCycleLengthand FloweringWaves AnelenaL.deCarvalho1,BruceW.Nelson2*,MiltonC.Bianchini3,DanielaPlagnol4,TatianaM.Kuplich5, DouglasC.Daly6 1Graduate PrograminForestScience,NationalInstitute forAmazon Research, CruzeirodoSul,Brazil,2EcologyDepartment,NationalInstitute forAmazonResearch, Manaus,Brazil,3GraduatePrograminEcology,InstitutodeCriminal?′sticadoAmazonas-IC/DepartamentodePol?′ciaTe′cnicoCient?′fica–DPTC/Pol?′ciaCivildoEstadodo Amazonas–PCAM,NationalInstituteforAmazonResearch,Manaus,Brazil,4EcologyDepartment,GraduatePrograminEcology,NationalInstituteforAmazonResearch, Manaus,Brazil,5NationalInstituteforSpaceResearch,SouthernRegion(INPE/CRS),SantaMaria,Brazil,6TheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,Bronx,NewYork,UnitedStates ofAmerica Abstract We map the extent, infer the life-cycle length and describe spatial and temporal patterns of flowering of sarmentose bamboos (Guadua spp) in upland forests of the southwest Amazon. We first examine the spectra and the spectral separationofforestswithdifferentbamboolifestages.False-colorcompositesfromorbitalsensorsgoingbackto1975are capableofdistinguishinglifestages.Thesewoodybamboosflowerproducemassivequantitiesofseedsandthendie.Life stageissynchronized,formingasinglecohortwithineachpopulation.Bamboodominatesatleast161,500km2offorest, coincident with an area of recent or ongoing tectonic uplift, rapid mechanical erosion and poorly drained soils rich in exchangeablecations.Eachbamboopopulationisconfinedtoasinglespatiallycontinuouspatchortoacorepatchwith smalloutliers.Usingspatialcongruencebetweenpairsofmature-stagemapsfromdifferentyears,weestimateanaverage lifecycleof27–28y.Itisnowpossibletopredictexactlywhereandapproximatelywhennewbamboomortalityeventswill occur.Wealso map74bamboopopulations thatfloweredbetween 2001and2008overtheentiredomainofbamboo- dominatedforest.Populationsizeaveraged330km2.Floweringeventsofthesepopulationsaretemporallyand/orspatially