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Before the Endless Forms Embodied Model of Transition from Single Cells to Aggregates to Ecosystem Engineering.doc

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Before the Endless Forms Embodied Model of Transition from Single Cells to Aggregates to Ecosystem Engineering

BeforetheEndlessForms:EmbodiedModelofTransition fromSingleCellstoAggregatestoEcosystem Engineering RicardV.Sole′1,2,3,4*,SergiValverde1,3,4 1ICREA-ComplexSystemsLab,UniversitatPompeuFabra,Barcelona,Spain,2SantaFeInstitute,SantaFe,NewMexico,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3InstitutdeBiologia Evolutiva,UPF-CSIC,Barcelona,Spain,4EuropeanCentreforLivingTechnology,CFoscariUniversityofVenice,Venice,Italy Abstract The emergence of complex multicellular systems and their associated developmental programs is one of the major problemsofevolutionarybiology.Theadvantagesofcooperationoverindividualityseemwellknownbutitisnotclearyet howsuchincreaseofcomplexityemergedfromunicellularlifeforms.Currentmulticellularsystemsdisplayacomplexcell- cellcommunicationmachinery,oftentiedtolarge-scalecontrolsofbodysizeortissuehomeostasis.Someunicellularlife formsaresimplerandinvolvegroupsofcellscooperatinginatissue-likefashion,asitoccurswithbiofilms.However,before truegeneregulatoryinteractionswerewidespreadandallowedforcontrolledchangesincellphenotypes,simplecellular coloniesdisplayingadhesionandinteractingwiththeirenvironmentswereinplace.Inthiscontext,modelsoftenignorethe physicalembeddingofevolvingcells,thusleavingasideakeycomponent.Thepotentialforevolvingpre-developmental patterns is a relevant issue: how far a colony of evolving cells can go? Here we study these pre-conditions for morphogenesis by using CHIMERA, a physically embodied computational model of evolving virtual organisms in a pre- Mendelianworld.Startingfromapopulationofidentical,independentcellsmovinginafluid,thesystemundergoesaseries ofchanges,fromspatialsegregation,increasedadhesionandthedevelopmentofgeneralism.Eventually,amajortransition occurswhereachangeintheflowofnutrientsistriggeredbyasub-population.Thisecosystemengineeringphenomenon leadstoasubsequentseparationoftheecologicalnetworkintotwowelldefinedcompartments.Therelevanceofthese resultsforevodevoanditspotentialecologicaltriggersisdiscussed. Citation:Sole′ RV,ValverdeS(2013)