Children’s Phthalate Intakes and Resultant Cumulative Exposures Estimated from Urine Compared with Estimates from Dust Ingestion, Inhalation and Dermal Absorption in Their Homes and Daycare Centers.docVIP

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2017-05-07 发布于上海
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Children’s Phthalate Intakes and Resultant Cumulative Exposures Estimated from Urine Compared with Estimates from Dust Ingestion, Inhalation and Dermal Absorption in Their Homes and Daycare Centers.doc

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Children’s Phthalate Intakes and Resultant Cumulative Exposures Estimated from Urine Compared with Estimates from Dust Ingestion, Inhalation and Dermal Absorption in Their Homes and Daycare Centers

Children’sPhthalateIntakesandResultantCumulative ExposuresEstimatedfromUrineComparedwith EstimatesfromDustIngestion,InhalationandDermal AbsorptioninTheirHomesandDaycareCenters GabrielBeko¨1*,CharlesJ.Weschler1,2,SarkaLanger3,MichaelCallesen4,J?rnToftum1,GeoClausen1 1International CentreforIndoor Environment andEnergy,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,Technical UniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark, 2Environmentaland Occupational HealthSciencesInstitute,UniversityofMedicineand Dentistry ofNew JerseyandRutgers University,Piscataway,New Jersey,United States ofAmerica, 3Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Go¨teborg, Sweden, 4Pediatric Research Unit, Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense,Denmark Abstract Total daily intakes of diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), di(isobutyl) phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate(BBzP)anddi(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)werecalculatedfromphthalatemetabolitelevelsmeasuredinthe urineof431Danishchildrenbetween3and6yearsofage.Foreachchildtheintakeattributabletoexposuresintheindoor environment via dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption were estimated from the phthalate levels in the dust collectedfromthechild’shomeanddaycarecenter.Basedontheurinesamples,DEHPhadthehighesttotaldailyintake (median:4.42mg/d/kg-bw)andBBzPthelowest(median:0.49mg/d/kg-bw).ForDEP,DnBPandDiBP,exposurestoairand dust in the indoor environment accounted for approximately 100%, 15% and 50% of the total intake, respectively, with dermalabsorptionfromthegas-phasebeingthemajorexposurepathway.Morethan90%ofthetotalintakeofBBzPand DEHPcamefromsourcesotherthanindoorairanddust.DailyintakeofDnBPandDiBPfromallexposurepathways,based on levelsof metabolites in urine samples, exceededthe Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for22 and 23children, respectively. Indoor exposures resulted in an average daily DiBP intake that exceeded the TDI for 14 children. Using the concept of relativecumulativeTolerableDailyIntake(