Linguistics语言学归纳要点.docxVIP

 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 10 Linguistics 1.The scope of linguistics: (a branch of linguistics that….) phonetics（语音学）: the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(study of the phonic medium of language) phonology:（音位学）the study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistics communication. morphology:（形态学）the study of the word structure and word formation. syntax:（句法学）is the branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences. semantics: (语义学) the study of linguistic meaning. pragmatics:（语用学）a branch of linguistics that studies the context of language use to effect successful communication. Some distinctions in linguistics: Prescriptive descriptive Prescriptive: aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use Descriptive: aims to lay down rules for “correct standard” behavior in using language.(doctor) Synchronic diachronic 共时的历时的 Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history. Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time. Langue parole 语言言语 Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use. Competence performance 语言能力语言运用 Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Design features of language: arbitrariness: （任意性）means there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Productivity: it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Duality:（双重性）duality of structure or double articulation of language enables users to talk about anything within their knowledge. Displacement: language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 不受时空限制 Cu