中英文生物医学研究与发表的伦.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 不当行为的处理——原则 工作中的规则可以提升认知的程度，但决不会杜绝此类事情发生。 * 不当行为的处理——调查 不仅应关注特定的事件，而且应考虑动机。 编辑不应仅仅拒绝涉嫌不当行为的稿件，而且有义务去寻求真相 * 不当行为的处理——调查 编辑应认真处理所有指控和怀疑，但也必须认识到，编辑并无法律手段来进行调查。 作者单位（雇主）常有调查的权限和特定程序 编辑无需参与收集证据 ，但如果有关于严重的过错行为的强有力的证据，就应马上告知雇主，同时应知会作者。 如果无合法调查的机构，编辑可决定是否有必要在期刊上刊登此事，此时应重视法律上的建议。 若作者单位未进行彻底的调查，编辑有权在期刊上刊登此事 作者对严重的不当行为应有机会进行解释。 * 不当行为的处理——调查 编辑有权决定对不严重的不当行为是否告知其雇主，这些行为包括重复发表， 作者署名的欺骗行为，未声明利益冲突等。 作者应有权对指控进行辩解。 * 不当行为的处理——处罚措施 说明或教育 申斥或警告 给研究机构或基金单位领导的正式信件 刊登启事说明重复发表或剽窃 编者按指出不当行为的全部细节 一定时期内拒绝接受有责任的个人，单位或研究机构的投稿 告知其它编辑和检索机构，正式取消或撤回文稿 报告相关机构进行调查 * 食管癌手术后放疗的疗效 BACKGROUND: … From 1986 through 1997, a prospective randomized study was carried out with 495 patients in an attempt to define the value of this therapeutic modality. METHODS: A total of 495 patients with esophageal cancer who had undergone radical resection were randomized by the envelope method into a surgery-alone group (S) of 275 patients and a surgery plus radiotherapy group (S + R) of 220 patients. Radiation treatment was started 3 to 4 weeks after the operation. The portals encompassed the entire mediastinum and bilateral supraclavicular areas. A midplane dose of 50 to 60 Gy in 25 to 30 fractions was delivered over 5 to 6 weeks. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rate was 31.7% for the S group and 41.3% (p = 0.4474) for the S + R group. The 5-year survival rates of patients who were lymph node positive were 14.7% and 29.2% (p = 0.0698), respectively. Five-year survival rates of stage III patients were 13.1% and 35.1% (p = 0.0027), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative prophylactic radiotherapy improved the 5-year survival rate in esophageal cancer patients ….. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003 Feb;75(2):331-6 * * The largest such study to date. The conclusion of The Annals peer review process was that the study, which showed a clear benefit of postoperative radiation, makes an important contribution to knowledge about the