GRE Argument 总结-final edition.pdfVIP

Argument 典型错误总结 1. 概念差异 5. 草率推广 9. 即非充分又非必要 13. 信息不完整 2. 与时俱进 6. 非此即彼 10. 必要而非充分 14. 反证法 3. 因果关系 7. 调查问题 11. 对比试验 4. 错误类比 8. 成本收益 12. 自相矛盾 1. 概念差异：攻击概念差异的最基本思路是先指出作者所提出的哪两个概念不能划等号，然后再具体说出 他们的不同。 如Argument1，运动服销量≠居民对运动的态度。 句式： a) The author falsely/simply equatesA with B. b) The argument depends on the assumption thatA is representative of B. 攻击作者概念不清的句式： a) Even assuming…, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author’s broader contention that … 攻击词汇定义的句式：有时作者对某一关键词定义不清，或根本没定义，从而导致偷换概念的错误。 a) A threshold problem involves the definition ofA; the author fails to define this critical term. b) IfA is define as…, then … is irrelevant to whether… 2. 时间变化：“与时俱进” The author’s inference that … rests on the poor assumption that during the … (the interim) all conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged. +推测法和列举法other facets. It is assumed without justification that background conditions have remained the same at different times (conditions) 3. 因果关系： 句式： 1) The author fails to establish the causal relationship betweenA and B. 2) Without such evidence, it is equally possible that other factors are instead responsible for… nor does nor does 3) However, the author provides no evidence to support that that is the case, nnoorr ddooeess the author establish a causal relationship betweenA and B. 前后关系混同于因果关系： 1) The author commits a fallacy of “after this, therefore because of this” in assuming that … 攻击相关性混同为因果性错误的句式： 1) While a high c