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Cardiac Output Assessed by Invasive and Minimally Invasive Techniques英文文献资料.doc

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Cardiac Output Assessed by Invasive and Minimally Invasive Techniques英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation AnesthesiologyResearchandPractice Volume2011,ArticleID475151,17pages doi:10.1155/2011/475151 ReviewArticle CardiacOutputAssessedbyInvasiveandMinimally InvasiveTechniques AllisonJ.Lee,JenniferHochmanCohn,andJ.SudharmaRanasinghe JacksonMemorialHospital,UniversityofMiami,Miami,FL33136,USA CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoAllisonJ.Lee,alee@ Received23December2010;Accepted22March2011 AcademicEditor:JamalAlhashemi Copyright?2011AllisonJ.Leeetal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense, whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. Cardiacoutput(CO)measurementhaslongbeenconsideredessentialtotheassessmentandguidanceoftherapeuticdecisions incriticallyillpatientsandforpatientsundergoingcertainhigh-risksurgeries.Despitecontroversies,complicationsandinherent errors in measurement, pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) continuous and intermittent bolus techniques of CO measurement continuetobethegoldstandard.Newertechniquesprovidelessinvasivealternatives;however,currentlyavailablemonitorsare unabletoprovidecentralcirculationpressuresortruemixedvenoussaturations.EsophagealDopplerandpulsecontourmonitors canpredict?uidresponsivenessandhavebeenshowntodecreasepostoperativemorbidity.Manyminimallyinvasivetechniques continuetosu?erfromdecreasedaccuracyandreliabilityunderperiodsofhemodynamicinstability,andsofewhavereachedthe levelofinterchangeabilitywiththePAC. 1.CardiacOutputAssessedbyInvasiveand MinimallyInvasiveTechniques thetechniquewouldnotbecomeavailabletohumansforan- other?ftyyears[4]. Indicator-dilution techniques later developed. In 1897, Stewart described experiments pioneering the indicator- dilutionprinciple,whenheinjectedsodiumchlorideintothe centralcirculationofanimalsandmeasureditssubsequent concentrationinthefemoralartery[5].Hamiltonmodi?ed thisprincipletoaccountforthevarying concentrationsof dilutedinjectateovertimeinhumancirculation,developing a