A Small RNA That Neutralizes a Protein Linked to Tumor Development 英文参考文献.docVIP

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A Small RNA That Neutralizes a Protein Linked to Tumor Development 英文参考文献.doc

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A Small RNA That Neutralizes a Protein Linked to Tumor Development 英文参考文献

Open access, freely available online Synopses of Research Articles Plus ?a Change: Gene Enhancers Upset Evolutionary Assumption DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030138 A standard evolutionary assumption is that the DNA of closely related species should be more similar in both structure and function than that of more distantly related ones.This parsimonious rule of thumb holds true across wide expanses of time and among widely divergent species, but it has exceptions. In this issue, Michael Ludwig and colleagues show that one exception is in an enhancer region of a key developmental gene in fruit?ies of the genus Drosophila. Here, the enhancer is functionally similar enough in two species that diverged 60 million years ago that switching them produces normal development, but different enough in two species separated by only 10 million years that exchanging them between the two ?ies aborts development. The gene in question is even-skipped, a patterning gene that creates seven transverse stripes along the anterior– posterior axis in the fruit?y embryo. Its expression is regulated by ?ve enhancing elements located upstream from the promoter.The best characterized of these, the stripe 2 enhancer (S2E), binds ?ve different transcription factors at multiple locations. functional roles in each species, the structures of these enhancers differ, with large deletions and insertions between transcription factor binding sites, as well as other changes. Nonetheless, within each species, the spatiotemporal pattern of expression induced by S2E is essentially identical, suggesting that, despite their structural differences, they might be functionally interchangeable. Since loss of S2E is lethal, the viability of the embryos that resulted from these experiments gives a measure of each enhancer’s ability to function in its new environment.The authors found that while viability of D. melanogaster with the D. pseudoobscura S2E was identical to that with D. melanogaster’s own, viability