A Woman with Chronic Subcutaneous Swelling of the Right Foot Associated with Sinus Tracts Discharging Yellow Grains 英文参考文献.docVIP

PhotoQuiz AWomanwithChronicSubcutaneousSwellingofthe RightFootAssociatedwithSinusTractsDischarging YellowGrains IldefonsoTellez1,CarlosFranco-Paredes1,2* 1DepartmentofMedicine,EmoryUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Atlanta,Georgia,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2HospitalInfantildeMexico,FedericoGomez,MexicoCity,Mexico however,aerobicfilamentousbacteriacausemostcasesworldwide (60% ofcases) [3,5]. Mycetomas are also frequently identified as ‘‘Madura foot’’. It is presumed that the first description of this entity occurred in 1842 in the Madras Medical Service of the BritishArmyinIndia,andhencethetermMadurafoot[1,7,8]. Mycetomasoccuramongthepoorestpeoplelivinginresource- limitedsettingsandproduceconsiderabledisability,disfigurement, and stigma. Mycetomas are therefore listed as neglected tropical diseases on the PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Web site (http:// /static/scope.action) [9]. There is a wide geographicaldistributionofthevariousmicroorganismsthatcause mycetomas depending on climate, rainfall, and ecologic factors [2,3].Ingeneral,mycetomasareendemicinrelativelyaridzones with short rainy seasons and low relative humidity [3]. A mycetoma belt has been described between the latitudes of 15uS and 30uN [1]. Mycetomas are usually endemic in some tropical andsubtropicalareas[2–5].MostreportedcasesarefromMexico, Venezuela, Brazil, and Colombia in the Americas; India and Pakistan in the Indian subcontinent; and Somalia, Sudan, and Figure1.Photoofaffectedarea. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000772.g001 Senegal inAfrica[3–5].Regardless ofthecausative microorgan- ism, mycetomas tend to affect people who live in rural areas and are involved in outdoor activities [2], and onset of the microorganism establishment might result from traumatic inocu- lationofinfectiousfungiorbacteriapresentinthesoil[3]. Ithasbeensuggestedthateumycetomasusuallypredominatein SoutheastAsiaandAfricaandactinomycetomasintheAmericas. However, there issome data to suggest an increasingnumber of eumycetomas in Sout