Aggressive Transition between Alternative Male Social Tactics in a Long-Lived Australian Dragon (Physignathus lesueurii) Living at High Density 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Aggressive Transition between Alternative Male Social Tactics in a Long-Lived Australian Dragon (Physignathus lesueurii) Living at High Density 英文参考文献.doc

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Aggressive Transition between Alternative Male Social Tactics in a Long-Lived Australian Dragon (Physignathus lesueurii) Living at High Density 英文参考文献

AggressiveTransitionbetweenAlternativeMaleSocial TacticsinaLong-LivedAustralianDragon(Physignathus lesueurii)LivingatHighDensity TroyA.Baird1*,TeresaD.Baird1,RichardShine2 1DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofCentralOklahoma,Edmond,Oklahoma,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofSydney,Sydney, NewSouthWales,Australia Abstract Theory predicts the evolution of alternative male social tactics when intense competition coupled with the superior competitive ability of some individuals limits access to reproductive opportunities by others. How selection has shaped alternativesocialtacticsmaybeespeciallyinterestinginlong-livedspecieswheresizeamongsexuallymaturemalesvaries markedly.Weconductedexperimentalstudiesonlong-livedeasternAustralianwaterdragonslivingwherecompetitionwas intensetotestthehypothesesthatmaturemalesadoptalternativesocialtacticsthatareplastic,andthatlargesizeand bodyconditiondetermineresource-holdingpotential.Approximatelyone-halfofmaturemales(N=14)defendedterritories usinghighratesofpatrolandadvertisementdisplay,whereas16smallermaturemaleshavinglowerbodyconditionindices utilizednon-territorialsocialtactics.Althoughterritorialmaleswerelargerinabsolutesizeandheaddimensions,theirheads werenotallometricallylarger.Territorialmalesadvertisedveryfrequentlyusingdisplaysinvolvingstereotypicalmovements oftheheadanddewlap.Moreaggressivedisplaysweregiveninfrequentlyduringbaselinesocialconditions,butincreased duringperiodsofsocialinstability.Femalehomerangesoverlappedthoseofseveralterritorialandnon-territorialmales,but females interacted more frequently with territorial males. The extreme plasticity of social tactics in this species that are dependentonbodysizewasconfirmedbytwoinstanceswhenrelativelylargenon-territorialmalesspontaneouslyevicted territoryowners,andbymarkedshiftsintacticsbynon-territorialmalesinresponsetotemporaryexperimentalremovalsof territory owners, followed (usually) by their expulsion when original owners were reinstated. The h