Altruism in Forest Chimpanzees The Case of Adoption 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Altruism in Forest Chimpanzees The Case of Adoption 英文参考文献.doc

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Altruism in Forest Chimpanzees The Case of Adoption 英文参考文献

AltruisminForestChimpanzees:TheCaseofAdoption ChristopheBoesch1*,CamilleBole′2,NadinEckhardt1,2,HedwigeBoesch1 1DepartmentofPrimatology,MaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology,Leipzig,Germany,2CentreSuissedeRechercheScientifique,Abidjan,Co?ted’Ivoire Abstract Inrecentyears,extendedaltruismtowardsunrelatedgroupmembershasbeenproposedtobeauniquecharacteristicof humansocieties.Supportforthisproposalseeminglycamefromexperimentalstudiesoncaptivechimpanzeesthatshowed that individuals were limited in the ways they shared or cooperated with others. This dichotomy between humans and chimpanzeeswasproposedtoindicateanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwospecies,andonestudyconcludedthat ‘‘chimpanzeesareindifferenttothewelfareofunrelatedgroupmembers’’.Instrongcontrastwiththesecaptivestudies, consistentobservationsofpotentiallyaltruisticbehaviorsindifferentpopulationsofwildchimpanzeeshavebeenreported insuchdifferentdomainsasfoodsharing,regularuseofcoalitions,cooperativehuntingandborderpatrolling.Thisbegsthe question of what socio-ecological factors favor the evolution of altruism. Here we report 18 cases of adoption, a highly costlybehavior,oforphanedyoungstersbygroupmembersinTa?¨forestchimpanzees.Halfoftheadoptionsweredoneby malesandremarkablyonlyoneoftheseprovedtobethefather.Suchadoptionsbyadultscanlastforyearsandthusimply extensive care towards the orphans. These observations reveal that, under the appropriate socio-ecologic conditions, chimpanzees do care for the welfare of other unrelated group members and that altruism is more extensive in wild populationsthanwassuggestedbycaptivestudies. Citation: Boesch C, Bole′ C, Eckhardt N, Boesch H (2010) Altruism in Forest Chimpanzees: The Case of Adoption. PLoS ONE 5(1): e8901. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0008901 Editor:LaurieSantos,YaleUniversity,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedJune14,2009;AcceptedJanuary4,2010;PublishedJanuary27,2010 Copyright: ? 2010 Boesch et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the C