An Alternative Theoretical Approach to Escape Decision-Making The Role of Visual Cues 英文参考文献.docVIP

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An Alternative Theoretical Approach to Escape Decision-Making The Role of Visual Cues 英文参考文献.doc

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An Alternative Theoretical Approach to Escape Decision-Making The Role of Visual Cues 英文参考文献

AnAlternativeTheoreticalApproachtoEscapeDecision- Making:TheRoleofVisualCues VeronikaJavu?rkova′1*,Arnosˇt Leosˇ Sizlingˇ 2,JakubKreisinger1,Toma′sˇ Albrecht1,3 1Department ofZoology,BiodiversityResearchGroup,Charles University,Prague,CzechRepublic, 2CenterforTheoreticalStudy,Charles UniversityandAcademy of SciencesoftheCzechRepublic,Prague,CzechRepublic,3InstituteofVertebrateBiology,AcademyofSciencesoftheCzechRepublic,Brno,CzechRepublic Abstract Escape enables prey to avoid an approaching predator. The escape decision-making process has traditionally been interpreted using theoretical models that consider ultimate explanations based on the cost/benefit paradigm. Ultimate approaches,however,sufferfrominseparableextra-assumptionsduetoaninabilitytoaccuratelyparameterizethemodel’s variablesandtheirinteractiverelationships.Inthisstudy,weproposeamathematicalmodelthatusesintensityofpredator- mediatedvisualstimuliasabasiccuefortheescaperesponse.Weconsiderloomingstimuli(i.e.expandingretinalimageof the moving predator) as a cue to flight initiationdistance (FID; distance at which escape begins) of incubating Mallards (Anasplatyrhynchos).WethenexaminetherelationshipbetweenFID,vegetationcoveranddirectnessofpredatortrajectory, and fitthe resultant model toexperimental data. As predicted by themodel, vegetation concealment and directness of predatortrajectoryinteract,withFIDdecreasingwithincreasedconcealmentduringadirectapproachtowardprey,butnot duringatangentialapproach.Thus,weshowthatasimpleproximateexpectation,whichinvolvesonlyvisualprocessingof amovingpredator,mayexplaininteractiveeffectsofenvironmentalandpredator-inducedvariablesonanescaperesponse. Weassumethatourproximateapproach,whichoffersaplausibleandparsimoniousexplanationforvariationinFID,may serveasanevolutionarybackgroundfortraditional,ultimateexplanationsandshouldbeincorporatedintointerpretationof escapebehavior. Citation:Javu?rkova′ V,Sizlingˇ AL,KreisingerJ,AlbrechtT(2012)AnAlternativeTheoret