An Unaccounted Fraction of Marine Biogenic CaCO3 Particles 英文参考文献.docVIP

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An Unaccounted Fraction of Marine Biogenic CaCO3 Particles 英文参考文献.doc

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An Unaccounted Fraction of Marine Biogenic CaCO3 Particles 英文参考文献

AnUnaccountedFractionofMarineBiogenicCaCO3 Particles MikalHeldal1,SveinNorland1,EgilS.Erichsen2,T.FredeThingstad1,GunnarBratbak1* 1DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofBergen,Bergen,Norway,2LaboratoryforElectronMicroscopy,UniversityofBergen,Bergen,Norway Abstract Biogenic production and sedimentation of calcium carbonate in the ocean, referred to as the carbonate pump, has profoundimplicationsfortheoceancarboncycle,andrelatebothtoglobalclimate,oceanacidificationandthegeological past. In marine pelagic environments coccolithophores, foraminifera and pteropods have been considered the main calcifyingorganisms.Here,wedocumentthepresenceofanabundant,previouslyunaccountedfractionofmarinecalcium carbonate particles in seawater, presumably formed by bacteria or in relation to extracellular polymeric substances. The particlesoccurinavarietyofdifferentmorphologies,inasizerangefrom,1to.100mm,andinatypicalconcentrationof 10 –10 particles L (size range counted 1–100mm). Quantitative estimates of annual averages suggests that the pure calcium particles we counted in the 1–100mm size range account for 2–4 times more CaCO3 than the dominating coccolithophorideEmilianiahuxleyiandfor21%ofthetotalconcentrationofparticulatecalcium.Duetotheirhighdensity, we hypothesize that the particles sediment rapidly, and therefore contribute significantly to the export of carbon and alkalinity from surface waters. The biological and environmental factors affecting the formation of these particles and possibleimpactofthisprocessonglobalatmosphericCO2remainstobeinvestigated. 4 5 21 Citation:HeldalM,NorlandS,ErichsenES,ThingstadTF,BratbakG(2012)AnUnaccountedFractionofMarineBiogenicCaCO3Particles.PLoSONE7(10):e47887. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047887 Editor:RodolfoParanhos,InstitutodeBiologia,Brazil ReceivedJuly2,2012;AcceptedSeptember18,2012;PublishedOctober23,2012 Copyright: ? 2012 Heldal et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, whic