Antagonistic Parent-Offspring Co-Adaptation 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Antagonistic Parent-Offspring Co-Adaptation 英文参考文献.doc

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Antagonistic Parent-Offspring Co-Adaptation 英文参考文献

AntagonisticParent-OffspringCo-Adaptation MathiasKo¨lliker1*,BenjaminJ.Ridenhour2¤,SabrinaGaba3 1ZoologicalInstitute,UniversityofBasel,Basel,Switzerland,2DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofIdaho,Moscow,Idaho,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3INRA,UMR1210 BiologieetGestiondesAdventices,Dijon,France Abstract Background: In species across taxa, offspring have means to influence parental investment (PI). PI thus evolves as an interacting phenotype and indirect genetic effects may strongly affect the co-evolutionary dynamics of offspring and parentalbehaviors.Evolutionarytheoryfocusedonexplaininghowexaggeratedoffspringsolicitationcanbeunderstoodas resolutionofparent-offspringconflict,buttheevolutionaryoriginanddiversificationofdifferentformsoffamilyinteractions remainsunclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: In contrast to previous theory that largely uses a static approach to predict how ‘‘offspringindividuals’’and‘‘parentalindividuals’’shouldinteractgivenconflictoverPI,wepresentadynamictheoretical framework of antagonistic selection on the PI individuals obtain/take as offspring and the PI they provide as parents to maximize individual lifetime reproductive success; we analyze a deterministic and a stochastic version of this dynamic framework.Weshowthatazoneforequivalentco-adaptationoutcomesexistsinwhichstablelevelsofPIcanevolveandbe maintaineddespitefaststrategytransitionsandongoingco-evolutionarydynamics.Underantagonisticco-adaptation,cost- freesolicitationcanevolveasanadaptationtoemergingpreferencesinparents. Conclusions/Significance: Weshowthatantagonisticselectionacrosstheoffspring andparentallife-stageofindividuals favorsco-adaptedoffspringandparentalbehaviorwithinazoneofequivalentoutcomes.Thisantagonisticparent-offspring co-adaptation does not require solicitation to be costly, allows for rapid divergence and evolutionary novelty and potentiallyexplainstheoriginanddiversificationoftheobservedprovisioningformsinfamilylife. Citation:Ko¨llikerM,RidenhourBJ,GabaS(2010)Antago