Antarctic Marine Biodiversity and Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents 英文参考文献.docVIP

Primer AntarcticMarineBiodiversityandDeep-Sea HydrothermalVents StevenL.Chown* CentreforInvasionBiology,StellenboschUniversity,Stellenbosch,SouthAfrica for more ocean-going, or pelagic species, such as the albatrosses Abstract:Thediversityofmanymarinebenthicgroupsis unlikethatofmostothertaxa.Ratherthandecliningfrom thetropicstothepoles,muchofthebenthosshowshigh diversityintheSouthernOcean.Moreover,manyspecies are unique to the Antarctic region. Recent work has shown that this is also true of the communities of Antarctic deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Vent ecosystems havebeendocumentedfrommanysitesacrosstheglobe, associated with the thermally and chemically variable habitats found around these, typically high temperature, streams that are rich in reduced compounds and polymetallic sulphides. The animal communities of the East Scotia Ridge vent ecosystems are very different to thoseelsewhere,thoughthemicrobiota,whichformthe basisofventfoodwebs,showlessdifferentiation.Muchof the biological significance of deep-sea hydrothermal vents lies in their biodiversity, the diverse biochemistry oftheirbacteria,theremarkablesymbiosesamongmany of the marine animals and these bacteria, and the prospects that investigations of these systems hold for understanding the conditions that may have led to the first appearance of life. The discovery of diverse and unusualAntarctichydrothermalventecosystemsprovides opportunities for new understanding in these fields. Moreover,theAntarcticventssouthof60uSbenefitfrom automatic conservation under the Convention on the ConservationofAntarcticMarineLivingResourcesandthe Antarctic Treaty. Other deep-sea hydrothermal vents located in international waters are not protected and may be threatened by growing interests in deep-sea mining. andpetrels,diversitypeaksaretypicalofthemid-latitudes[7,8].In both cases, diversity still tends to drop off at the sub-polar and polarlatitudes.Inmanybenthicgroupsthepatterniscompletely different.Diversitydoesde