Aquaculture Enclosures Relate to the Establishment of Feral Populations of Introduced Species 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Aquaculture Enclosures Relate to the Establishment of Feral Populations of Introduced Species 英文参考文献.doc

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Aquaculture Enclosures Relate to the Establishment of Feral Populations of Introduced Species 英文参考文献

AquacultureEnclosuresRelatetotheEstablishmentof FeralPopulationsofIntroducedSpecies XuanLiu1,2,YimingLi1* 1KeyLaboratory ofAnimal EcologyandConservationBiology,Institute ofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China, 2Graduate University of ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shijingshan,Beijing,China Abstract Manyspeciesintroducedbyhumansforsocialandeconomicbenefitshaveinvadednewrangesbyescapingfromcaptivity. Such invasive species can negatively affect biodiversity and economies. Understanding the factors that relate to the establishmentofferalpopulationsofintroducedspeciesisthereforeofgreatimportanceformanagingintroducedspecies. TheAmericanBullfrog(Lithobatescatesbeianus)isonespeciesthathasescapedfromfarms,anditisnowfoundinthewildin China.Inthisstudy,weexaminedinfluencesoftwotypesofbullfrogfarm(termedsimpleandelaboratefarmenclosures)on theestablishmentofferalpopulationsofthisspeciesin137waterbodiesin66plotsinfourprovincesofChina.Thelikelihood ofestablishmentofbullfrogpopulationsinwaterbodiesinplotswithsimpleenclosures(49/89=55.1%)washigherthanthose with elaborate enclosures (3/48=6.3%). Based on the Akaike Information Criterion, the minimum adequate model of generalizedlinearmixedmodelswithabinomialerrorstructureandalogitlinkfunctionshowedthattheestablishmentor failureofbullfrogpopulationsinwaterbodieswaspositivelycorrelatedwiththepresenceofasimpleenclosure,thenumberof bullfrogsraisedandthepresenceofpermanentwaterinaplot,butnegativelycorrelatedwithdistancefromabullfrogfarm andtheoccurrenceoffrequenthunting.Resultsthereforesuggestthatasimplefarmenclosurecanincreasetheestablishment offeralbullfrogpopulationscomparedwithanelaborateenclosure.Ourfindingsarethefirsttoquantifytheimportanceof improvingfarmingenclosurestocontrolandminimizetheriskfromintroducedspecies. Citation:LiuX,LiY(2009)AquacultureEnclosuresRelatetotheEstablishmentofFeralPopulationsofIntroducedSpecies.PLoSONE4(7):e6199.doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0006199 Editor:JaneCatherineStout,TrinityColleg