Big Food, Food Systems, and Global Health 英文参考文献.docVIP

Essay BigFood,FoodSystems,andGlobalHealth DavidStuckler1,2*,MarionNestle3,4 1Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2Department of Public Health Policy, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine,London,UnitedKingdom,3DepartmentofNutrition,FoodStudies,andPublicHealth,NewYorkUniversity,NewYork,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica, 4DepartmentofNutritionalSciences,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica This article was commissioned for the PLoSMedicineseriesonBigFoodthat examinestheactivitiesandinfluenceofthe food and beverage industry in the health arena. place of smallproducersbut an oligopoly. Whatpeopleeatisincreasinglydrivenbya fewmultinationalfoodcompanies[12]. Virtually all growth in Big Food’s sales occurs in developing countries [13] (see Figure 1). The saturation of markets in developed countries [14], along with the lureofthe20%ofincomepeoplespendon average on food globally, has stimulated BigFoodtoseekglobalexpansion.Itsrapid entry into markets in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) is a result of mass-marketing campaigns and foreign investment, principally through takeovers of domestic food companies [15]. Trade playsaminimalroleandaccountsforonly about 6% of global processed food sales [15].Globalproducersarethemainreason why the ‘‘nutrition transition’’ from tradi- tional, simple diets to highly processed foodsisaccelerating[16,17]. Big Food is a driving force behind the global rise in consumption of sugar- sweetenedbeverages(SSBs)andprocessed foodsenrichedinsalt,sugar,andfat[13]. Increasing consumption of Big Food’s products tracks closely with rising levels of obesity and diabetes [18]. Evidence showsthatSSBsaremajorcontributorsto childhood obesity [19,20], as well as to long-term weight-gain, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease [21,22]. Stud- ies also link frequent consumption of highly processed foods with weight gain andassociateddiseases[23]. trition—tolocalpartners[24].Theexten