Borrowing a DNA Repair Enzyme to Fine-Tune Antibody Specificity 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Borrowing a DNA Repair Enzyme to Fine-Tune Antibody Specificity 英文参考文献.doc

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Borrowing a DNA Repair Enzyme to Fine-Tune Antibody Specificity 英文参考文献

Synopses of Research Articles Bridging the Gap betweenTheory and Ecology in Evolutionary Models Liza Gross | DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040405 The history of life is ?lled with examples of one species diverging into several, even thousands, each with unique traits geared to the demands of its ecological niche. In the textbook case of adaptive radiation, an ancestral ?nch species landed on the Galapagos Islands just a few million years ago, and evolved into 13 new species with specialized beaks adapted to exploiting the various seeds, nuts, insects, and other food sources on the island. Adaptive radiations suggest that species evolution follows the ?rst rule of business: ?nd a niche and ?ll it. But that’s not what most models used to detect evolutionary patterns of trait evolution assume. And in a new study, Robert Freckleton and Paul Harvey demonstrate the limitations of that choice. They also introduce a method DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040405.g001 to minimize those limitations by using a diagnostic tool that can detect evolutionary patterns that deviate from the standard models. Old World Leaf warblers and Dendroica warblers (Dendroica fusca, pictured above), two classic cases of adaptive evolution, served as case studies for two diagnostic tests designed to reveal deviations from a Brownian motion model of trait evolution. The complexity of evolutionary processes and spottiness of the fossil record calls for statistical models— whose accuracy depends on their assumptions—to infer historical patterns of evolution. Traditional approaches to studying the evolution of traits (such as beak shape) typically compare populations, species, or higher taxa to identify adaptations and the corresponding evolutionary processes. With advances in molecular genomic techniques, comparative methods increasingly incorporate phylogenetic analyses, which compare gene or protein sequences to infer evolutionary relationships between taxa or traits. These phylogenetic comparative me