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Open access, freely available online Synopses of Research Articles Which Risk Factors Matter to Whom? For being underweight in childhood, for example—the leading risk factor for global loss of healthy life—they found that only 35% of the disease burden occurred in severely underweight children, the rest occurred in those only moderately underweight.The relative risks for the moderately underweight are much lower, but the number of children in that category is so large that the total attributable burden amounted to almost two-thirds of the total global burden of disease for that risk factor. The analysis con?rms—and extends to a global level—previous research showing that many major health risks are important across the range of exposure levels, not just among individuals exposed to high levels of risk. It also points to risk factors that are particularly prevalent among speci?c populations and age groups, and for which highly targeted interventions could be effective. Despite numerous caveats and DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010029 There is a much-quoted saying, attributed to the epidemiologist Geoffrey Rose: “A large number of people exposed to a small risk may generate many more cases than a small number exposed to a very high risk.”This is true for many individual risk factors such as salt intake (linked to high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease) and speeding on the highway (linked to injuries and accidents). Does it apply to many other global health risks? The study by Anthony Rodgers and colleagues suggests that it does. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010024.g001 Anopheles gambiae, the principal vector of malaria (Photo: Jim Gathany) Every year around 200 million people worldwide contract malaria, of whom over a million die.The vast majority of those who die are children under ?ve years, mostly in Africa, To develop effective health policies, one must understand the existing health risks and disease burdens. since young children have had little chance t