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Distinct Clones of Yersinia pestis Caused the Black Death 英文参考文献
DistinctClonesofYersiniapestisCausedtheBlackDeath
StephanieHaensch1,RaffaellaBianucci2,3,MichelSignoli3,4,MinoarisoaRajerison5,MichaelSchultz6,
SachaKacki7,8,MarcoVermunt9,DarleneA.Weston10,11,12,DerekHurst13,MarkAchtman14 ,Elisabeth
Carniel15,BarbaraBramanti1*
1InstituteforAnthropology,JohannesGutenbergUniversity,Mainz,Germany,2LaboratoryofCriminalisticSciencesDepartmentofAnatomy,PharmacologyandLegal
Medicine,UniversityofTurin,Turin,Italy,3Unite′ d’AnthropologieBioculturelle,Faculte′ deMedecine,UniversityofMediterranean-CNRS-EFS,Marseille,France,4Centre
d’E′tudesPre′histoire,Antiquite′,Moyen-a?ge,UMR6130CNRS–250UniversityofNice,Valbonne,France,5CenterforPlague,InstitutePasteurdeMadagascar,WorldHealth
Organization Collaborating, Antananarivo, Madagascar, 6Department of Anatomy and Embryology Medical Faculty, Georg-August University, Go¨ttingen, Germany,
7Inrap, Villeneuve-d’Ascq Archaeological Center, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France, 8Laboratoire d’Anthropologie des Populations du Passe′, Universite′ Bordeaux 1, Talence,
France,9DepartmentofMonumentsandArchaeology,MunicipalityofBergenopZoom,BergenopZoom,TheNetherlands,10Barge’sAnthropologica,Departmentof
Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, 11Division of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West
Yorkshire, United Kingdom, 12Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, 13Worcestershire Historic
EnvironmentandArchaeologyService,WorcestershireCountyCouncil,Worcester,UnitedKingdom,14EnvironmentalResearchInstitute,UniversityCollegeCork,Cork,
Ireland,15YersiniaResearchUnit,InstitutPasteur,Paris,France
Abstract
FromAD1347toAD1353,theBlackDeathkilledtensofmillionsofpeopleinEurope,leavingmiseryanddevastationinits
wake,withsuccessiveepidemicsravagingthecontinentuntilthe18thcentury.Theetiologyofthisdiseasehasremained
highlycontroversial,rangingfromclaimsbasedongeneticsandthehistoricaldescriptionsofsymptom
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