Diving of Great Shearwaters (Puffinus gravis) in Cold and Warm Water Regions of the South Atlantic Ocean 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Diving of Great Shearwaters (Puffinus gravis) in Cold and Warm Water Regions of the South Atlantic Ocean 英文参考文献.doc

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Diving of Great Shearwaters (Puffinus gravis) in Cold and Warm Water Regions of the South Atlantic Ocean 英文参考文献

DivingofGreatShearwaters(Puffinusgravis)inColdand WarmWaterRegionsoftheSouthAtlanticOcean RobertA.Ronconi1*,PeterG.Ryan2,YanRopert-Coudert3 1DepartmentofBiology,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,Canada,2PercyFitzPatrickInstituteofAfricanOrnithology,DST/NRFCentreofExcellence,UniversityofCapeTown, Rondebosch,SouthAfrica,3InstitutPluridisciplinaireHubertCurien,DepartementEcologie,PhysiologieandEthologie,Strasbourg,France Abstract Background:Amongthemostwidespreadseabirdsintheworld,shearwatersofthegenusPuffinusarealsosomeofthe deepestdivingmembersoftheProcellariiformes.MaximumdivingdepthsareknownforseveralPuffinusspecies,butdive depthsordivingbehaviourhaveneverbeenrecordedforgreatshearwaters(P.gravis),thelargestmemberofthisgenus. Thisstudyreportsthefirsthighsamplingrate(2s)ofdepthanddivingbehaviourforPuffinusshearwaters. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Time-depthrecorders(TDRs)weredeployedontwofemalegreatshearwatersnestingon InaccessibleIslandintheSouthAtlanticOcean,recording10consecutivedaysofdivingactivity.Remotesensingimagery and movement patterns of 8 males tracked by satellite telemetry over the same period were used to identify probable foraging areas used by TDR-equipped females. The deepest and longest dive was to 18.9m and lasted 40s, but most (.50%)diveswere,2mdeep.Divingwasmostfrequentneardawnanddusk,with,0.5%ofdivesoccurringatnight.The twoindividualsforagedincontrastingoceanographicconditions,oneincold(8to10uC)wateroftheSub-AntarcticFront, likely1000kmsouthofthebreedingcolony,andtheotherinwarmer(10to16uC)wateroftheSub-tropicalFrontalZone,at thesamelatitudeasthecolony, possiblyonthePatagonianShelf,4000kmaway.Thecoldwaterbirdspentfewerdays commuting, conducted four times as many dives as the warm water bird, dived deeper on average, and had a greater proportionofbottomtimeduringdives. Conclusions/Significance:Generalpatternsofdivingactivitywereconsistentwiththoseofothershearwatersforagingin coldandwarmwaterhabitats.Greatshearwatersarelikelyadaptedtoforageinawidera