Dynamic Locomotor Capabilities Revealed by Early Dinosaur Trackmakers from Southern Africa 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Dynamic Locomotor Capabilities Revealed by Early Dinosaur Trackmakers from Southern Africa 英文参考文献.doc

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Dynamic Locomotor Capabilities Revealed by Early Dinosaur Trackmakers from Southern Africa 英文参考文献

DynamicLocomotorCapabilitiesRevealedbyEarly DinosaurTrackmakersfromSouthernAfrica JeffreyA.Wilson1*,ClaudiaA.Marsicano2,RogerM.H.Smith3 1MuseumofPaleontologyDepartmentofGeologicalSciences,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan,UnitedStatesofAmerica, 2DepartamentodeCiencias Geolo′gicas,UniversidaddeBuenosAires,BuenosAires,Argentina,3DepartmentofKarooPaleontology,IzikoSouthAfricanMuseum,CapeTown,SouthAfrica Abstract Background: A new investigation of the sedimentology and ichnology of the Early Jurassic Moyeni tracksite in Lesotho, southernAfricahasyieldednewinsightsintothebehaviorandlocomotordynamicsofearlydinosaurs. Methodology/Principal Findings: The tracksite is an ancient point bar preserving a heterogeneous substrate of varied consistencyandinclinationthatincludesaripple-markedriverbed,abarslope,andastablealgal-mattedbartopsurface. Severalbasalornithischiandinosaursandasingletheropoddinosaurcrosseditssurfacewithindaysorperhapsweeksof one another, but responded to substrate heterogeneity differently. Whereas the theropod trackmaker accommodated slopingandslipperysurfacesbygrippingthesubstratewithitspedalclaws,thebasalornithischiantrackmakersadjustedto the terrain by changing between quadrupedal and bipedal stance, wide and narrow gauge limb support (abduction range=31u),andplantigradeanddigitigradefootposture. Conclusions/Significance:Thelocomotoradjustmentscoincidewithchangesinsubstrateconsistencyalongthetrackway andappeartoreflect‘realtime’responsestoacomplexterrain.Itisproposedthattheseresponsesforeshadowimportant locomotor transformations characterizing the later evolution of the two main dinosaur lineages. Ornithischians, which shifted from bipedal to quadrupedal posture at least three times in their evolutionary history, are shown to have been capableofadoptingbothposturesearlyintheirevolutionaryhistory.Thesubstrate-grippingbehaviordemonstratedbythe earlytheropod,inturn,isconsistentwiththehypothesizedfunctionofpedalclawsinbirdancestors. Citation