Effectiveness of Strict vs. Multiple Use Protected Areas in Reducing Tropical Forest Fires A Global Analysis Using Matching Methods 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Effectiveness of Strict vs. Multiple Use Protected Areas in Reducing Tropical Forest Fires A Global Analysis Using Matching Methods 英文参考文献.doc

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Effectiveness of Strict vs. Multiple Use Protected Areas in Reducing Tropical Forest Fires A Global Analysis Using Matching Methods 英文参考文献

EffectivenessofStrictvs.MultipleUseProtectedAreasin ReducingTropicalForestFires:AGlobalAnalysisUsing MatchingMethods AndrewNelson1,KennethM.Chomitz2* 1InternationalRiceResearchInstitute,MetroManila,Philippines,2IndependentEvaluationGroup,WorldBank,Washington,D.C.,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Protected areas (PAs) cover a quarter of the tropical forest estate. Yet there is debate over the effectiveness of PAs in reducing deforestation, especially when local people have rights to use the forest. A key analytic problem is the likely placement of PAs on marginal lands with low pressure for deforestation, biasing comparisons between protected and unprotectedareas.Usingmatchingtechniquestocontrolforthisbias,thispaperanalyzestheglobaltropicalforestbiome using forest fires as a high resolution proxy for deforestation; disaggregates impacts by remoteness, a proxy for deforestationpressure;andcomparesstrictlyprotectedvs.multipleusePAsvsindigenousareas.Fireactivitywasoverlaid ona1kmmapoftropicalforestextentin2000;landusechangewasinferredforanypointexperiencingoneormorefires. Sampled points in pre-2000 PAs were matched with randomly selected never-protected points in the same country. Matching criteria included distance to road network, distance to major cities, elevation and slope, and rainfall. In Latin America and Asia, strict PAs substantially reduced fire incidence, but multi-use PAs were even more effective. In Latin America,wherethereisdataonindigenousareas,theseareasreduceforestfireincidenceby16percentagepoints,overtwo andahalftimesasmuchasna?¨ve(unmatched)comparisonwithunprotectedareaswouldsuggest.InAfrica,morerecently establishedstrictPAsappeartobeeffective,butmulti-usetropicalforestprotectedareasyieldfewsamplepoints,andtheir impacts are not robustly estimated. These results suggest that forest protection can contribute both to biodiversity conservationandCO2mitigationgoals,withparticularrelevancetotheREDDagenda.Encouragingly,indigenousareasand multi-use protected