Establishment of Normal Gut Microbiota Is Compromised under Excessive Hygiene Conditions 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Establishment of Normal Gut Microbiota Is Compromised under Excessive Hygiene Conditions 英文参考文献.doc

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Establishment of Normal Gut Microbiota Is Compromised under Excessive Hygiene Conditions 英文参考文献

EstablishmentofNormalGutMicrobiotaIsCompromised underExcessiveHygieneConditions BettinaSchmidt1,ImkeE.Mulder1,CorranC.Musk1,RustamI.Aminov1,MarieLewis2,ChristopherR. Stokes2,MickBailey2,JamesI.Prosser3,BhupinderP.Gill4,JohnR.Pluske5,DeniseKelly1* 1GutImmunologyGroup,RowettInstituteofNutritionandHealth,UniversityofAberdeen,Aberdeen,UnitedKingdom,2VeterinaryPathology,InfectionandImmunity, SchoolofClinicalVeterinaryScience,UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UnitedKingdom,3InstituteofBiologicalandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofAberdeen,Aberdeen, United Kingdom, 4Agricultural and Horticultural Development Board, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom, 5School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University,Murdoch,WesternAustralia,Australia Abstract Background: Early gut colonization events are purported to have a major impact on the incidence of infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in later life. Hence, factors which influence this process may have important implicationsforbothhumanandanimalhealth.Previously,wedemonstratedstronginfluencesofearly-lifeenvironmenton gutmicrobiotacompositioninadultpigs.Here,wesoughttofurtherinvestigatetheimpactoflimitingmicrobialexposure duringearlylifeonthedevelopmentofthepiggutmicrobiota. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Outdoor-andindoor-rearedanimals,exposedtothemicrobiotaintheirnaturalrearing environment for the first two days of life, were transferred to an isolator facility and adult gut microbial diversity was analyzedby16SrRNAgenesequencing.Fromatotalof2,196high-quality16SrRNAgenesequences,440phylotypeswere identifiedintheoutdoorgroupand431phylotypesintheindoorgroup.Themajorityofcloneswereassignedtothefour phyla Firmicutes (67.5% of all sequences), Proteobacteria (17.7%), Bacteroidetes (13.5%) and to a lesser extent, Actinobacteria(0.1%).Althoughtheinitialmaternalandenvironmentalmicrobialinoculumofisolator-rearedanimalswas identicaltothatoftheirnaturally-rearedlittermates,themicrobialsuccessionandstabilizationeventsreporte