Evolution of High Trophic Diversity Based on Limited Functional Disparity in the Feeding Apparatus of Marine Angelfishes (f. Pomacanthidae) 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Evolution of High Trophic Diversity Based on Limited Functional Disparity in the Feeding Apparatus of Marine Angelfishes (f. Pomacanthidae) 英文参考文献.doc

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Evolution of High Trophic Diversity Based on Limited Functional Disparity in the Feeding Apparatus of Marine Angelfishes (f. Pomacanthidae) 英文参考文献

EvolutionofHighTrophicDiversityBasedonLimited FunctionalDisparityintheFeedingApparatusofMarine Angelfishes(f.Pomacanthidae) NicolaiKonow*¤,DavidR.Bellwood SchoolofMarineandTropicalBiology,andAustralianResearchCouncilCentreofExcellenceforCoralReefStudies,JamesCookUniversity,Townsville,Australia Abstract Theuseofbitingtoobtainfooditemsattachedtothesubstratumisanecologicallywidespreadandimportantmodeof feedingamongaquaticvertebrates,whichrarelyhasbeenstudied.Wedidthefirstevolutionaryanalysesofmorphology andmotionkinematicsofthefeedingapparatusinIndo-Pacificmembersofaniconicfamilyofbiters,themarineangelfishes (f.Pomacanthidae).Wefoundclearinterspecificdifferencesingutmorphologythatclearlyreflectedawiderangeoftrophic niches.Incontrast,feedingapparatusmorphologyappearedtobeconserved.Afewunusualstructuralinnovationsenabled angelfishestoprotrudetheirjaws,closethemintheprotrudedstate,andtearfooditemsfromthesubstratumatahigh velocity. Only one clade, the speciose pygmy angelfishes, showed functional departure from the generalized and clade- defining grab-and-tearing feeding pattern. By comparing the feeding kinematics of angelfishes with wrasses and parrotfishes(f.Labridae)weshowedthatgrab-and-tearingisbasedonlowkinematicsdisparity.Regardlessofitsrestricted disparity,thegrab-and-tearingfeedingapparatushasenabledangelfishestonegotiateecologicalthresholds:Giventheir widelydifferentbodysizes,angelfishescanaccessmanystructurallycomplexbenthicsurfacesthatotherbiterslikelyare unable to exploit. From these surfaces, angelfishes can dislodge sturdy food items from their tough attachments. Angelfishesthusprovideanintriguingexampleofasuccessfulgroupthatappearstohaveevolvedconsiderabletrophic diversity based on an unusual yet conserved feeding apparatus configuration that is characterized by limited functional disparity. Citation: Konow N, Bellwood DR (2011) Evolution of High Trophic Diversity Based on Limited Functional Disparity in the Feeding Apparatus of Marine Angelfishes(f.Pomac