Expulsion of Symbiotic Algae during Feeding by the Green Hydra – a Mechanism for Regulating Symbiont Density 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Expulsion of Symbiotic Algae during Feeding by the Green Hydra – a Mechanism for Regulating Symbiont Density 英文参考文献.doc

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Expulsion of Symbiotic Algae during Feeding by the Green Hydra – a Mechanism for Regulating Symbiont Density 英文参考文献

ExpulsionofSymbioticAlgaeduringFeedingbythe GreenHydra–aMechanismforRegulatingSymbiont Density? YelenaFishman,EliahuZlotkin,DanielSher* DepartmentofCellandAnimalBiology,SilbermanInstituteofLifeSciences,TheHebrewUniversity,Jerusalem,Israel Abstract Background:Algal-cnidariansymbiosisisoneofthemainfactorscontributingtothesuccessofcnidarians,andiscrucialfor themaintenanceofcoralreefs.Whilelossofthesymbionts(suchasincoralbleaching)maycausethedeathofthecnidarian host,over-proliferationofthealgaemayalsoharmthehost.Thus,thereisaneedforthehosttoregulatethepopulation density of its symbionts. In the green hydra, Chlorohydra viridissima, the density of symbiotic algae may be controlled throughhostmodulationofthealgalcellcycle.Alternatively,Chlorohydramayactivelyexpeltheirendosymbionts,although thisphenomenonhasonlybeenobservedunderexperimentallycontrivedstressconditions. PrincipalFindings:Weshow,usinglightandelectronmicroscopy,thatChlorohydraactivelyexpelendosymbioticalgalcells duringpredatoryfeedingonArtemia.Thisexpulsionoccursaspartoftheapocrinemodeofsecretionfromtheendodermal digestivecells,butmayalsooccurviaanindependentexocytoticmechanism. Significance: Our results demonstrate, for the first time, active expulsion of endosymbiotic algae from cnidarians under natural conditions. We suggest this phenomenon may represent a mechanism whereby cnidarians can expel excess symbioticalgaewhenanalternativeformofnutritionisavailableintheformofprey. Citation: Fishman Y, Zlotkin E, Sher D (2008) Expulsion of Symbiotic Algae during Feeding by the Green Hydra – a Mechanism for Regulating Symbiont Density?.PLoSONE3(7):e2603.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002603 Editor:StuartHumphries,UniversityofSheffield,UnitedKingdom ReceivedNovember14,2007;AcceptedMay30,2008;PublishedJuly2,2008 Copyright: ? 2008 Fishman et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,provi