From Creation to Consolidation A Novel Framework for Memory Processing 英文参考文献.docVIP

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From Creation to Consolidation A Novel Framework for Memory Processing 英文参考文献.doc

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From Creation to Consolidation A Novel Framework for Memory Processing 英文参考文献

Essay From Creation to Consolidation: A Novel Framework for Memory Processing Edwin M. Robertson L ong after playing a game of squash or reading this essay, your memory for playing and reading continues to be processed by your brain. These “offline” processes improve your game and your understanding of this essay, and more generally, enhance adaptive behavior. Yet progress in understanding how the brain regulates the offline processing of memories has been hampered by the absence of robust models for interpreting diverse, and often contradictory, experimental results. Box 1. Memory Consolidation Toward a Unifying Framework Distinct circuits operate during sleep and wakefulness. Important clues about the offline processing of memories can be gleaned from understanding how the brain initially encodes memories. The motor skill memories acquired by a squash player, for example, ensure the production of rapid and powerful arm movements, either backhand or forehand, to hit a ball. The goal is always the same—to hit a ball; however, the exact movements can be very different. This classical distinction between goal and movement can be mapped onto distinct brain circuits (Figure 1, [3,12,13]). These distinct circuits are differentially affected by wakefulness and sleep: activity within the goal-component circuit changes substantially between wakefulness and sleep, with far smaller changes in activity occurring within the movement- based circuit [14]. Having differential changes in activity may produce a differential processing of the motor skill components during wakefulness and sleep. Consistent with this idea, experimental work has shown that only the movement component is processed during wakefulness; whereas only the goal component is processed during sleep (Figure 2, [15]). Converging A memory passes through at least three key milestones in its development: initially it is encoded, then it is consolidated, and finally it is retrieved. During cons