From Lab to Nature Thermal Adaptation in Bacterial Viruses 英文参考文献.docVIP

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From Lab to Nature Thermal Adaptation in Bacterial Viruses 英文参考文献.doc

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From Lab to Nature Thermal Adaptation in Bacterial Viruses 英文参考文献

From Lab to Nature:Thermal Adaptation in Bacterial Viruses Liza Gross | DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040230 Assuming the absence of a massive asteroid strike, gamma ray burst, or other globally devastating event, the survival of a species depends on its ability to adapt to environmental changes. To understand how such adaptations occur in nature, scientists study much simpler systems in the lab. A classic lab evolution experiment uses evolutionary responses to temperature as a model for studying how an environmental variable affects the physical expression (phenotype) of an organism’s genes. Biologists have typically focused either on DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040230.g001 the range of physiological responses to temperature or on the genetic changes underlying variations in temperature. In a new study, Jennifer Knies, Christina Burch, Joel Kingsolver, and colleagues demonstrate the value of using a genetically tractable organism—the bacteria-infecting virus bacteriophage (or phage)—to study adaptive responses to temperature. By combining phenotypic and genetic analyses with a new statistical approach, the researchers show that the genetic changes they observed in phages undergoing thermal adaptations in the lab also play a role in thermal performance in natural populations. A graphical representation of the effect that temperature (the environmental variable) has on a population’s growth rate (the performance indicator) is called a thermal reaction norm. (A continuous reaction norm shows these interactions as an ongoing, underlying relationship.) Thermal reaction norms usually have a common shape, showing performance increasing along with temperature, reaching a maximum at an intermediate temperature, and declining with additional temperature increases. Three basic variations on this curve re?ect biological responses (see illustration): vertical shifts relate to average performance, horizontal shifts relate to optimal temperature (for growth rate, for example), an