Gender, Culture, and Sex-Typed Cognitive Abilities 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Gender, Culture, and Sex-Typed Cognitive Abilities 英文参考文献.doc

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Gender, Culture, and Sex-Typed Cognitive Abilities 英文参考文献

Gender,Culture,andSex-TypedCognitiveAbilities DavidReilly* SchoolofAppliedPsychology,GriffithUniversity,Southport,Queensland,Australia Abstract Althoughgenderdifferencesincognitiveabilitiesarefrequentlyreported,themagnitudeofthesedifferencesandwhether theyholdpracticalsignificanceintheeducationaloutcomesofboysandgirlsishighlydebated.Furthermore,whengender gapsinreading,mathematicsandscienceliteracyarereportedtheyareoftenattributedtoinnate,biologicaldifferences ratherthansocialandculturalfactors.Cross-culturalevidencemaycontributetothisdebate,andthisstudyreportsnational gender differences in reading, mathematics and science literacy from 65 nations participating in the 2009 round of the ProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA).Consistentlyacrossallnations,girls outperformboysinreading literacy, d=2.44.Boys outperformgirls inmathematics intheUSA, d=.22andacross OECD nations, d=.13.For science literacy, while the USA showed the largest gender difference across all OECD nations, d=.14, gender differences across OECD nations were non-significant, and a small female advantage was found for non-OECD nations, d=2.09. Across all three domains, these differences were more pronounced at both tails of the distribution for low- and high-achievers. Considerable cross-cultural variability was also observed, and national gender differences were correlated with gender equity measures, economic prosperity, and Hofstede’s cultural dimension of power distance. Educational and societal implications of such gender gaps are addressed, as well as the mechanisms by which gender differences in cognitive abilitiesareculturallymediated. Citation:ReillyD(2012)Gender,Culture,andSex-TypedCognitiveAbilities.PLoSONE7(7):e39904.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039904 Editor:SoniaBrucki,UniversityOfSa?o Paulo,Brazil ReceivedFebruary29,2012;AcceptedMay28,2012;PublishedJuly10,2012 Copyright: ? 2012 David Reilly. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Com