GPS Measurement Error Gives Rise to Spurious 180° Turning Angles and Strong Directional Biases in Animal Movement Data 英文参考文献.docVIP

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GPS Measurement Error Gives Rise to Spurious 180° Turning Angles and Strong Directional Biases in Animal Movement Data 英文参考文献.doc

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GPS Measurement Error Gives Rise to Spurious 180° Turning Angles and Strong Directional Biases in Animal Movement Data 英文参考文献

GPSMeasurementErrorGivesRisetoSpurious180u TurningAnglesandStrongDirectionalBiasesinAnimal MovementData AmyHurford* CentreforMathematicalBiology,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofAlberta,Kingston,Ontario,Canada Abstract Background:MovementdataarefrequentlycollectedusingGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)receivers,butrecordedGPS locations are subject to errors. While past studies have suggested methods to improve location accuracy, mechanistic movementmodelsutilizedistributionsofturninganglesanddirectionalbiasesandthesedatapresentanewchallengein recognizingandreducingtheeffectofmeasurementerror. Methods: I collected locations from a stationary GPS collar, analyzed a probabilistic model and used Monte Carlo simulationstounderstandhowmeasurementerroraffectsmeasuredturninganglesanddirectionalbiases. Results:Resultsfromeachofthethreemethodswereincompleteagreement:measurementerrorgivesrisetoasystematic biaswhereastationaryanimalismostlikelytobemeasuredasturning180uormovingtowardsafixedpointinspace.These spuriouseffectsoccurinGPSdatawhenthemeasureddistancebetweenlocationsis,20meters. Conclusions:Measurementerrormustbeconsideredasapossiblecauseof180uturninganglesinGPSdata.Consequences of failing to account for measurement error are predicting overly tortuous movement, numerous returns to previously visited locations, inaccurately predicting species range, core areas, and the frequency of crossing linear features. By understandingtheeffectofGPSmeasurementerror,ecologistsareabletodisregardfalsesignalstomoreaccuratelydesign conservationplansforendangeredwildlife. Citation:HurfordA(2009)GPSMeasurementErrorGivesRisetoSpurious180uTurningAnglesandStrongDirectionalBiasesinAnimalMovementData.PLoS ONE4(5):e5632.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005632 Editor:SeanRands,UniversityofBristol,UnitedKingdom ReceivedOctober13,2008;AcceptedApril24,2009;PublishedMay20,2009 Copyright:?2009Hurford.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsu