Graveyards on the Move The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dead Ophiocordyceps-Infected Ants 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Graveyards on the Move The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dead Ophiocordyceps-Infected Ants 英文参考文献.doc

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Graveyards on the Move The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dead Ophiocordyceps-Infected Ants 英文参考文献

GraveyardsontheMove:TheSpatio-Temporal DistributionofDeadOphiocordyceps-InfectedAnts Maj-BrittPontoppidan1*,WinandaHimaman2,NigelL.Hywel-Jones3,JacobusJ.Boomsma4,DavidP. Hughes4,5,6 * 1SectionforEcologyandEvolution,DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofCopenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark,2ForestEntomologyandMicrobiologyGroup,National Park,WildlifeandPlantConservationDepartment,Bangkok,Thailand,3MycologyLaboratory,NationalCenterforGeneticEngineeringandBiotechnology,SciencePark, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 4Centrefor Social Evolution, Department ofBiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5Museum of Comparative Zoology Labs,DepartmentofOrganismicandEvolutionaryBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,6SchoolofBiosciences,Universityof Exeter,Exeter,UnitedKingdom Abstract Parasitesarelikelytoplayanimportantroleinstructuringhostpopulations.Manyadaptivelymanipulatehostbehaviour,so that the extended phenotypes of these parasites and their distributions in space and time are potentially important ecological variables. The fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, which is pan-tropical in distribution, causes infected worker antstoleavetheirnestanddieunderleavesintheunderstoryoftropicalrainforests.Workinginaforestdynamicplotin SouthernThailandwemappedtheoccurrenceofthesedeadantsbyexaminingeveryleafin1,360m2ofprimaryrainforest. We established that high density aggregations exist (up to 26 dead ants/m2), which we coined graveyards. We further establishedthatgraveyardsarepatchilydistributedinalandscapewithnoorveryfewO.unilateralis-killedants.Atsome, butnotall,spatialscalesofanalysisthedensityofdeadantscorrelatedwithtemperature,humidityandvegetationcover. Remarkably,havingfound2243deadantsinsidegraveyardsweonlyfound2liveantsoftheprincipalhost,antCamponotus leonardi,suggestingthatforaginghostantsactivelyavoidgraveyards.Wediscoveredthattheprincipalhostantbuildsnests inhighcanopyanditstrailsonlyoccasionallydescendtotheforestfloorwhereinfectionoccurs.Weadvan