Microsatellite Typing of Clinical and Environmental Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii Isolates from Cuba Shows Multiple Genetic Lineages 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Microsatellite Typing of Clinical and Environmental Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii Isolates from Cuba Shows Multiple Genetic Lineages 英文参考文献.doc

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Microsatellite Typing of Clinical and Environmental Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii Isolates from Cuba Shows Multiple Genetic Lineages 英文参考文献

MicrosatelliteTypingofClinicalandEnvironmental Cryptococcusneoformansvar.grubiiIsolatesfromCuba ShowsMultipleGeneticLineages Maria-TeresaIllnait-Zaragozi1,GerardoF.Mart?′nez-Mach?′n1,CarlosM.Ferna′ndez-Andreu1 ,Teun Boekhout2,JacquesF.Meis3,Corne′ H.W.Klaassen3* 1InstitutoPedroKouri,Havana,Cuba,2CentraalbureauvoorSchimmelcultures,Utrecht,TheNetherlands,3DepartmentofMedicalMicrobiologyandInfectiousDiseases, CanisiusWilhelminaHospital,Nijmegen,TheNetherlands Abstract Background: Human cryptococcal infections have been associated with bird droppings as a likely source of infection. Studies toward the local and global epidemiology of Cryptococcus spp. have been hampered by the lack of rapid, discriminatory,andexchangeablemoleculartypingmethods. Methodology/Principal Findings: We selected nine microsatellite markers for high-resolution fingerprinting from the genomeofC.neoformansvar.grubii.Thispanelofmarkerswasappliedtoacollectionofclinical(n=122)andenvironmental (n=68; from pigeon guano) C. neoformans var. grubii isolates from Cuba. All markers proved to be polymorphic. The average number of alleles per marker was 9 (range 5–51). A total of 104 genotypes could be distinguished. The discriminatorypowerofthispanelofmarkerswas0.993.Multipleclustersofrelatedgenotypescouldbediscriminatedthat differedinonlyoneortwomicrosatellitemarkers.Theseclusterswereassignedasmicrosatellitecomplexes.Themajorityof environmental isolates (.70%) fell into 1 microsatellite complex containing only few clinical isolates (49 environmental versus2clinical).Clinicalisolatesweresegregatedovermultiplemicrosatellitecomplexes. Conclusions/Significance: A large genotypic variation exists in C. neoformans var. grubii. The genotypic segregation between clinical and environmental isolates from pigeon guano suggests additional source(s) of human cryptococcal infections.TheselectedpanelofmicrosatellitemarkersisanexcellenttooltostudytheepidemiologyofC.neoformansvar. grubii. Citation:Illnait-ZaragoziM-T,Ma